Marketing plan of airline company

Introduction A market plan is a document that strives to ensure all strategies are implemented to the end (Mcdonald, 2011).The main goal of marketing involves revenue maximization and customer satisfaction. It is expected that when a good marketing plan is adopted and implemented, it should be the turning point for any enterprise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing plan of airline company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Plunkett, †The commercial airline industry has always been particularly vulnerable to economic and political changes† (2009). Therefore, investing in the industry needs carefull considerations. A good marketing plan places a firm on a higher pedestal to compete and command a sizeable share of any market that it operates. Mission statement Fere Airline is committed to becoming a profitable, global, and competitive airline, known for success based on efficiency and e ffectiveness in all its aspects of operations. Fere Airline’s Core Purpose: The Airline strives to make a significant contribution to the sustainable development of Europe. Core Values: Customer satisfaction Continuous improvement of service and product quality to remain competitive Maintain the highest safety standards in operations Fere Airline’s Goals:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To become the airline of choice in Europe To adopt business strategies that will ensure profitability To place London’s Stansted Airport on the map of the world and develop it as a premier hub in Europe To achieve a world class status in all aspects of operation, performance, customer satisfaction, and product quality Airline’s Organization Structure: For efficiency in service delivery, the airline’s organization structure will comprise of eight departme nts. An executive director will head each of the departments. The executive directors in consultation with the Group Managing Director will make most departmental decisions. The suggested departments are: Security and Anti-terrorism Technical Information Systems Finance Flight Operations Commercial Human Resources and Administration Ground Handling Fleet 15 Boeing 737 900ER Image courtey of ComPilots-Aviation Portal   Boeing 737-900ER Technical Characteristics Wingspan 112 feet 7 inches (34.3 meters) Wingspan w/winglets 117 feet 5 inches (35.7 meters) Cabin width 11 feet 7 inches (3.53 meters) Overall length 138 feet 2 inches (42.1 meters) Tail height 41 feet 2 inches (12.5 meters) Lower hold volume 11,824 cubic ft. (51.6 m3) Volume with 1 aux tank 1,674 cubic ft. (47.4 m3) Volume with 2 aux tanks 1,585 cubic ft. (44.9 m3) Source (Boeing, 2004)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing plan of airline company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More General Strategy The airline industry is fiercely competitive (Cento, 2008). As globalization gains momentum, this already fierce competition is expected to intensify. This means that without proper marketing, the firm will hardly make any penetrations. Therefore, survival in this field means appropriately responding to the changing aero-political environment. Considering the above factors, Fere Airline has committed to investing in a state of the art information gathering system that will ensure the company remains up to date with market changes. As such, the company’s ability to respond to unforeseen threats and available opportunities will be rapid. In concrete terms, the airline aims to become the leading carrier in Europe with a heavy presence in Africa, Asia, and America in the next 20 years. The company also intends to own a fleet of 40-50 modern aircrafts for these operations. Finally yet importantly, the company intends to forge partnerships with other airlines to increase service efficiency. Product and service analysis Fere Airline’s headquarters will be based in London Stansted Airport. As a European short haul airline, its operations will cover France, BCN and ARN. Fere Aitrlines has already acquired 15 Boeing type B737 aircrafts for start up. The Airline will engage in both cargo and human transport. However, concentration will be on passengers considering the size of the palne. B737 are relatively small aircrafts and cannot, therefore, handle voluminous laggage (Kundu, 2010). To ensure that the airline gains considerable market share, various products and services will be offered. Gift cards The company will introduce gift cards to its loyal customers. Customers who win the gift cards will have their journeies fully sponsored to a destinations of their choice. Be it the Himalayas for a holiday with your spouse, Africa to watch wild animals, or the Middle East, the company will take them safely at no pay. Travel insurance Travel insurance makes airline travelling expensive (Lee, 2006). According to Karr, â€Å"The cost of travel insurance varies widely, depending on the cost and length of your trip, your age and health, and the type of †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many airlines use the above mentioned factors to swindle traveller and charge exhorbitant prices. The company will offer comprehensive insurance to its clients at very affordable rates. The comprehensive cover will comprise lost package, travel delays, and trip cancellation insurance. Payment methods Apart for the conventional payment methods such as direct deposits, mastercard,and visa card, which are sometimes inconveniencing, the company will offer a varriety of convenient payment methods such as paypal, pyoneer, credit cards, GoodAsGold, Moneybookers, Alertpay, and Mobile Money Transfer. This will ensure that customers can easily pay for their flights using the most convenient method to them. One bag free campaign Travelers who have a lot of luggage need not worry. The company plans to run a promotional campaign aimed at attracting more clients, especially those travelling with families. Therefore, every paseenger will be allowed to travel with one bag free. Free onboard service s XM Radio Every seat will have a fixed XM Radio for customers to tune in and listen. Most interestingly, the customers will have a choice of 100 radio stations. This will ensure that passangers tune in to the stations of their choice in terms of presenters, music genre or discussions. Snacks Fere airline’s management knows that travelling without snacks makes the journey boring and long. As such, the company has contracted leading snack companies, Doritos, Jeffa Cakes, Hovis Bakery, and Greggs. DIRECTCTV On every seat is installed a 36 channel DIRECTV with leading international channels. Clients who like business news can always catch up with Quest on CNN, sports and entertainment lovers, ESPN among other wolrd class channels. Partnerships â€Å"Strategic partnerships are being heralded as a sound strategy in the airline industry† (Fojt, 2006). Attaining a world class status with a Boeing 737, is an almost impossible task. As globalization gains prominence, so is air travel (Meskill, 1999). This means that the demand for air travelling across the world remains high. The company must, therefore, make efforts to tap into this growing market through mergers. As such, the following companies have been contacted for mergers. Air France Fere Airline and Air France have agreed to share services between London and Paris. This will give the customer a better service experience through regular routes and marvelous experinces. Aeroflot Fere Airline will share London to Frankfurt route with Aeroflot. Time schedule Time schedule is used to advertise the timetable of arrivals and departures. It only includes days when the airline is operational. In this case, the time schedule will cover the period beginning 1st February 2011 to 18th April 2011. Departing London Stansted Airport To Departure Arrival Flight nos. days France 2200 2354 CS001 1stFebruary 2011 Barcelona 2200 0045 CS003 10THFebruary 2011 Stockholm 0930 1236 CS007 15THFebruary 2011 Fran ce 2100 1100 Cs012 21stFebruary 2011 Barcelona 1715 2000 Cs015 27thFebruary 2011 Stockholm 1035 1500 Cs 014 30thFebruary 2011 France 2245 0500 Cs013 2ndMarch 2011 Barcelona 1545 1830 CS011 5th March 2011 Stockholm 1135 1700 Cs005 10thMarch 2011 France 2025 0400 Cs006 14thMarch 2011 Barcelona 1600 2200 Cs003 18thMarch 2011 Stockholm 1135 1700 Cs004 21stMarch 2011 France 2000 0600 Cs009 28thMarch 2011 Barcelona 1600 2145 Cs008 4thApril Stockholm 1135 1600 Cs007 16thApril 2011 Time justification Fligh time and distance have been calculated using flight time calculator (https://flighttime-calculator.com/). London to Paris Flight distance:344.79km Ground distance:344.20km Flighttime:0h 54min Start time:31 Jan 2011 22:00 GMT +00:00 Arrival time:31 Jan 2011 23:54 GMT +01:00  (Local times) London to Barcelona Flight distance:1141.13km Ground distance:1139.16km Flighttime:1h 45min Start time:09 Feb 2011 22:00 GMT +00:00 Arrival time:10 Feb 2011 00:45 GMT +01:00 (Local times) London to Stockholm Flight distance:1438.86km Ground distance:1436.39km Flighttime:2h 6min Start time:15 Feb 2011 09:30 GMT +00:00 Arrival time:15 Feb 2011 12:36 GMT +01:00  (Local times) London return Flight distance:344.79km Ground distance:344.20km Flighttime:0h 54min Start time:21 Feb 2011 19:00 GMT +01:00 Arrival time:21 Feb 2011 18:54 GMT +00:00 (Local times) Budget for advertising Budget in marketing plan refers to comparison between expected revenue earned as a direct result of advertising and cost incurred in advertising. Care should be taken to ensure that an optimal level of advertisement is reached. That it is to say marginal costs of advertising should be equal to marginal revenues collected. Too much advertising is not recommended since it will only be effective up to certain optimal limit. $150000 Budget Between February and April 2011, the company plans to spend $ 150,000 on advertisement. The table below show specific areas of expenditure and ex pected revenue generated from advertising effects. Marketing expenditure February March April total Online 2000 3000 3000 8000 Brochures 6000 5000 6000 17000 Trade shows – 9000 10800 27000 Print 12000 11000 9000 32000 Radio 10000 12000 10000 32000 Promotions – – 30000 30000 Publications 1000 2000 1000 4000 Sales training 6000 5000 1000 12000 Total spent 50000 52000 48000 150000 Total sales 4000000 4500000 6000000 1450000 Marketing as a % sales 1.25 1.15 0.8 Online advertising The internet has proven effecteive lately in advertisement. In fact, according to Yeshin, â€Å"The web should not be regarded as a substitute for advertising in traditional media† (2005). Instead, the internet should be taken as a primary advertising method due to its wide coverage, cost effectiveness, and efficiency (Rock, 2005). Use of social media such as Face Book and Twitter and company website can be of great importance to online advertising. Onlin e advertisement will run for 3 months. Brochures â€Å"An attractive brochure can be very useful† (Henning, 2008). The company must, therefore, design and print brochures and distribute them to potential customers to aid selling of company products. Trade shows Trade shows, if well organized, can prove crucial to a company’s success. It is no wonder that Hisrich claimed that, â€Å"The importance of trade shows in industrial sales cannot be overstated† (Hisrich, 2000). Radio Radio advertisement has remained of great importance despite the emergence of the internet and Television. More still, the advent of FM radio stations has brough in jist among listeners (Mathur, 2005). The company, has decided to use 3 popular radio stations in its advertisements. From the projections, February, March, and April’s ratio of expenditure to sales would registere 1.25%, 1.15%, and 0.8% respectively. This is a favorable ratio. It shows that returns on amounts invested in a dvertisement cost are several times the cost. This occurrence shows that advertisement plays a pivotal role in boosting revenues. Print and radio utilized the highest cost while publications registered the lowest cost. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy refers to causes of actions that are aimed at achievement of market plans (Handlechner, 2012). Such strategies mainly focus on gaining competitive advantage in the market to boost revenues. They also work to ensure customer loyalty to products of a particular enterprise. Competitive and customers strategies Fere Airline will strive to be competitive despite the cutthroat competition that exists in the airline market. It faces completion from established airlines such as Virgin Atlantic, Air France, and British Airways. Despite the economic strength of these established companies, Fere Airline will most probably prevail and be profitable because of its highly efficient and effective operations. Mock press advertisement We are glad to announce to you the introduction of our world class airline services. The industry is crowded already, but we took this step because we believe travellers deserve nothing less than excellence and comfort. Surely, what we are launching today, Fere Airline, is an epitome of comfort with a touch of class. It is impressive and highly innovative. This is the reason why you need to fly with Fere Airline. We are introducing a flee of 15 Boeing 737 all customized to meet your comfort needs. It may be hard to believe that such excellent services would come at low prices, but Fere Airline is determined to make travelling cheaper and more exciting for all. We desire to ply all routes in Europe. However, we will only make direct flights to France, Spain, and Germany. Conclusion Marketing plan is an integral element of any business idea. Ignoring the need for a marketing plan is business’s own peril (Berman, 2009). A good marketing plan is paramount for success. It should be designed exhaustively and realistically without leaving out important components. Important components include various competitive strategies,potential challenges and how the business intends to tackle these challenges. The management needs to go a step further, adopt the components of market plan to the fullest. It should not just be a decorated documents which is not implemented in the business strategic planning. Fere Airline shows good tidings in the future, it should not be complacent. It exists in a very competitive arena, and no efforts should be spared by all stakeholders, since slight mishap could plummet the tremendous grounds they have covered to oblivion. References Andrew, T. (2003) Aviation insecurity: the new challenges of air tarvel, Amherst, NY: Promethes Books. Bayne, K.M. (1997) The Internet marketing plan, New York: J. Wiley Co. Bell, T.W. (1999) Internet Gambling: popular, inexorable and (eventually) legal. Bill, M. (1972) Air travel, London: Collier-Macmillan. Boeing ( 2004) 737 Family. Web. Brehmer, B. (1994) Future risks and risk management, Norwell, MA: Springer. Browning, H. (2007) Maintaining Team Performance, Volume 420, Greensboro: Center for Creative Leadership. Cahill, D.J. (2006) Lifestyle market segmentation, Binghamton, NY: Routledge. Cento, A. (2008) The Airline Industry: Challenges in the 21st Century, Segrate: Springer. Cohen, W.A. (1995) The marketing plan, New York: Wiley. Croft, M.J. (1994) Market segmentation: a step-by-step guide to profitable new business, London: Routledge. Dan, M. (2002) Safe air travel companion, New York: McGraw Hill. Davidson, A. (2010) How the City Really Works: The Definitive Guide to Money and Investing in London’s Square Mile, Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page Publishers. Fojt, M. (2006) ‘The Airline Industry’, Strategic Direction, vol. XXII, no. 6, June, p. 53. Freiberg, K.a.J.F. (1998) Nuts!: Southwest Airlines’ crazy recipe for business and personal success, New York: Broadway Books. Garbutt, D. (1967) A simple introduction to capital expenditure decisions, California, CA: Pitman. Hancock, P.A. (1999) Human performance and ergonomics, San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Henning, R. (2008) Effective Guest House Management, 3rd edition, Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Hisrich, R.D. (2000) Marketing, 2nd edition, New York: Barron’s Educational Series. J., J.A. (1979) Air travel, London: Macdonald Educational. Jackson, A.J. (1979) Air trave, London: Macdonald Educational. James, M. (1930) Air travel, New York: C. Scribner’s Sons. Jolly, A. (2009) Business Insights: Europe: A periodical Guide to Company Formation, Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited. Karr, P. (2006) Frommer’s Vermont, New Hampshire Maine, 5th edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Kendrick, T. (2009) Identifying and Managing Project Risk: Essential Tools for Failure-Proofing Your Project, New York, NY: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kotler, P. (2000) Marketing management. Mill ennium ed, Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Kralev, N. (2011) Decoding Air Travel: A Guide to Saving on Airfare and Flying in Luxury, London: Nicholas Kralev. Kundu, A.K. (2010) Aircraft Design, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lee, D. (2006) Advances in Airline Economics: Competition policy and antitrust, Kidlington, Oxford: Emerald Group Publishing. Martel, G. (2010) A Companion to Europe 1900-1945, 10th edition, Califonia: John Wiley and Sons. Mathur, U.C. (2005) Advertising Management Text And Cases, 2nd edition, New Delhi: New Age International. Meskill, T. (1999) Current Market Outlook, 1998: World Market Demand and Airplane Supply Requirements, Seattle, WA: DIANE Publishing. Plunkett, J.W. (2009) Plunkett’s Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Almanac 2009 (E-Book): Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies, Houston, TX: Plunkett Research, Ltd. Rock, R.A. (2005) Quo Vadis Ad vertising?, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Rogers, R.M. (2009) Gambling in America. Web. Saber, R. (2006) International Business Operations and the Impact of Political Environment:A Conceptual Frame Work Based on a Four-Industry Study, LaVergne: Lightning Source Inc. Tim, W. (1993) Air tarvel, New York: Thomson Learning. Vejlgaard, H. (2008) Anatomy of a trend, London: McGraw-Hill. Weinstein, A. (2004) Handbook of market segmentation: strategic targeting for business and technology firms, Binghamton, NY: Routledge. Yeshin, T. (2005) Advertising, Hong Kong: Cengage Learning EMEA. This essay on Marketing plan of airline company was written and submitted by user Yusuf Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The French Expression VoilÃÂ

The French Expression Voil Pronunciation: [vwa la] Register: normal Even though voil is just one word, it has so many possible meanings- most of which require multiple words in the English equivalents- that weve decided to treat it as an expression. The first thing to know about voil is that its spelled voil. Please note that the grave accent on the a is obligatory. (See common misspellings at the end of this article.) Secondly, voil, which is a contraction of vois l (literally, see there), has varied uses and meanings, which are hard to define precisely, so weve provided numerous examples to help make the distinctions clear. Here, There Voil can be a presentative which introduces a visible noun or group of nouns and can mean any of the following: here is, here are, there is, there are. Technically, voil only refers to things that are farther away (there is/are), while voici is used for close things (here is/are), but in reality voil tends to be used for all of the above, except when a distinction between two objects is required.   Ã‚  Voil la voiture que je veux acheter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here / There is the car I want to buy.   Ã‚  Me voil !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here I am!   Ã‚  Le voil !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here it / he is! There it / he is!   Ã‚  Voici mon livre et voil le tien.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Heres my book and theres yours. This, That When followed by an interrogative adverb or indefinite relative pronoun, voil means this/that is:   Ã‚  Voil oà ¹ il habite maintenant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  This is where he lives now.   Ã‚  Voil pourquoi je suis parti.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats why I left / That is the reason (why) I left.   Ã‚  Voil ce que nous devons faire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  This is what we have to do.   Ã‚  Voil ce quils mont dit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats what they told me. Filler Voil is commonly used as a sort of summing up expression at the end of a statement. This is usually just a filler and doesnt have a simple English equivalent. In some cases, you could say you know, OK, or there you have it, but in general we just leave it out of the English translation.   Ã‚  Nous avons dà ©cidà © dacheter une nouvelle voiture et de donner lancienne notre fils, voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We decided to buy a new car and give the old one to our son.   Ã‚  On va commencer avec ma prà ©sentation, suivie dune visite du jardin et puis le dà ©jeuner, voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Were going to start with my presentation, followed by a visit to the garden and then lunch. How Long Voil can be an informal replacement for depuis or il y a when talking about how long something has been going on or how long ago something happened.   Ã‚  Voil 20 minutes que je suis ici.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been here for 20 minutes.   Ã‚  Nous avons mangà © voil trois heures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We ate three hours ago. That's Right Voil can be used to agree with what someone just said, along the lines of thats right or thats it exactly. (Synonym: en effet)   Ã‚  - Alors, si jai bien compris, vous voulez acheter sept cartes postales mais seulement quatre timbres.   Ã‚  Ã‚  - Voil.   Ã‚  - So if Ive understood correctly, you want to buy seven postcards but only four stamps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  - Thats right. Now You've Done It Et voil is commonly used, especially when talking to children, after youve warned them about something and they do it anyway, causing the very problem you tried to prevent. Not quite as mocking as I told you so, but along those lines: I warned you, you should have listened, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Non, arrà ªte, cest trop lourd pour toi, tu vas le faire tomber... et voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  No, stop, thats too heavy for you, youre going to drop it... and you did / I warned you. Spelling Notes Voil is sometimes used in English, and for this reason, its often written voila. This is acceptable in English, which tends to lose accents on words borrowed from other languages, but its not acceptable in French. There are several other common misspellings: Voil has the wrong accent. The only letter that ever has an acute accent in French is e, as in à ©tà © (summer).Viola is a word, though not a French one: a viola is a musical instrument slightly larger than a violin; the French translation is alto.Vwala is an Anglicized spelling of voil.Walla? Not even close. Please, use voil.

Old Testament Prophets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Old Testament Prophets - Research Paper Example A study of the scriptures shows that Joseph and Mary were David’s descendants even though their family lineages are different. The fulfillment of the conditions of the covenant by man was very crucial since, fulfillment led to blessedness while failure to fulfill or obey led to discipline or curse. The prophetic message or utterance entails forth telling, which is the explanation of current occurrences and foretelling, which entails what will happen in the future. God’s relationship with the children of Israel through covenants necessitated the prophetic utterance of the Old Testament prophets, correcting them when they strayed and encouraging them when they felt discouraged. In the book of the major prophet Jeremiah, the results of violating the covenants are very well documented, denoting the very great relationship between the covenants and prophecy in the Old Testament.3 Words, prophecies, wars and blessings are all shown to take place in accordance to what God has said many years earlier. It is in the book of Jeremiah where the chosen people of God are taken into captivity, with Jeremiah earning the tag â€Å"the weeping prophet† as he weeps continually , warning of impending judgment to a people and Kings who disbelieve and even have him thrown into prison. The exile into Babylon was a very distressful happening but one that could have been avoided had the chosen race heeded prophetic utterance, where God had warned that one of the consequences of disobedience would be exile to other nations. Though the prophets were speaking with their own voices, they were giving forth Gods mind and counsel to the children of Israel. God Some of the covenants that God established with His people include the one that He made at Aden as narrated in Genesis 1:28 -30 where God gave man the responsibility to procreate and fill the earth, with a promise to bless him.4 Man was also given the responsibility of taking care of the garden of Aden, having domin ion over the animals and taking care not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil which was at the centre of the garden. After man rebelled and ate of the tree of knowledge and evil, God made the Adamic covenant too, because the relationship between God and man changed since man had not kept his part of the bargain. 5 The serpent was cursed, God made the first promise of a redeemer, who would come through the lineage of Seth, Noah, Abraham, Isaac Jacob Judah and David. The woman was placed under the headship of man and would from then on suffer pain at childbirth. Man also suffered the loss of the garden of Aden where life was easy and henceforth got into a life of hard work due to the resultant cursing of the ground for his sake. He would from that time on suffer sorrow and have a shortened lifespan and also suffer the pain of death. God later made covenant with Noah after the flood which had been occasioned by man’s rebellion, leading to the destruction of the whole world with water except Noah and his family. God promised never again to harm his people with water, setting a bow in the sky to act as a reminder to man of God’

Ff options can only be priced because they can be replicated, why do Assignment

Ff options can only be priced because they can be replicated, why do we need them - Assignment Example Although derivatives are technically conspicuous reason being they can undergo replication using basic financial instruments, they are still the tools that provide those who participate in the market to full of risk to manage the particular risks. Nature of options dynamic replication Dynamic hedging of options is never conducted even with the market makers(Lussier & PareI, 2004). In nature, options are hard to deal with due to the technicality of the language used to describe the tools. The difference between dynamic and static hedging is small since hedging is only realized on minor positions. The risks taken by either parties are very different and highly distinguished, those with the buyer and distinct from those with the writer of the options hence asymmetry in the payoffs making it very hard for dynamic replication. Options also have the tendency of changing their character in a dynamically replicative way depending on whether they are in the money or out of the money. Dependen t on this, is the fact that the value of out of the money option is the probability that at expiry the said option will have some value without dynamically replicating (Lussier & PareI, 2004). Dynamic replication assumes a constant movement of asset prices while the real prices of the assets can move non-constantly. This has the effect of derailing the possible outcomes of accurate replication. The risk presented by this is on the options themselves upbringing bankruptcy to businesses that do not have enough capital (Lussier & PareI, 2004). All these factors combined have an impact on the way both the put and the call options will be priced using the relevant dynamic models. Options are of very high value since in its own context it allows the person holding it to be able to modify the risks they are exposed to favorably. In addition, the asset also gives the holder the special chance of escaping the contract when they realize they are not favored by the occurrences of dynamic repli cation. Pricing of options in relation to dynamic replication Dynamic replication understanding can well be discussed and how it works in relation to the option pricing theory, their relation and functionality is as well discussed. The pricing of options today bases its pricing on discrete time method where the valuation of the asset will take only two general forms depending on the skewness of dynamic replication (Roman, 2004). The pricing of an option depends on the ability of an individual to predict the future behavior of the asset prices. The call option value is arrived at in the end by getting the difference between the asset price and the strike price of the asset, which is maximized incase it is positive in value, and minimized when the value is negative. Under option contracts, option writers are most of the times obligated to deliver some form of liability with regard to dynamic replication, which are valued by way of creating a diversified portfolio that is underlying an d that exactly matches the residual costs involved in setting up both sides leading to a replicated product (Roman, 2004). Arrival at the fair value of an option is therefore arrived at depending on the ability of the writer of the option to form a dynamically replicating portfolio of the assets. Among the many methods used to price options, we have the Black-Scholes option-valuation model (Ross, 2008), which employs intensive analysis in its

Careers in Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Careers in Writing - Essay Example development in the 21st century, through this, we shall be able to show the current industry challenges during this period, thus meet the objectives of the study. Fashion begun in the 1826 when designers were just dress makers with no sense of high style and any form of style only came from royalty and aristocrats (Jones, 2007).. The 21th century has seen the fashion industry spread to the world over, with the modern outlook and many designers joining the industry such as the Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein among many others. Many have completely misunderstood the concept of the products that the fashion industry make, to some, a mere mention of the word ‘fashion’ denotes making of clothes only and nothing else, and still they view clothe as only the silk-made, cotton-made and others that we put on as skirts or blouses, which is partially right but a narrow view of the facts; these products actually encompass several commodities (Espejo, 2010). Fashion is an art of applying design or something natural on to somebody and this is influenced by culture, social background but the art also differ from time to time. The designers work to satisfy the consumer’s needs. These people try to make clothes that are functional and good to the consumer’s eye. They make accessories such as handbags, swords, umbrellas, watches, socks, scarves, hats and many others. So the composition of fashion goes beyond clothes into accessories that accompany the made clothes. It is therefore a very wide and diverse industry (Cumming, 2004). From the designers table and subsequent manufacture, the product must be sold to the consumer; however, how they reach the consumer is the focus of this study. So the big question is â€Å"by what means does the product reach the consumer?† To answer to this question it’s important to note that some designers use two levels of marketing that is, retail and wholesale levels. Various companies that do not reach to the consumer directly place

The Job Satisfaction Definition Psychology Essay

The Job Satisfaction Definition Psychology Essay Job satisfaction, insimple words is an individuals emotional reaction to the job itself. It is a set of favorable or unfavorable feelings with which the employees view their work. When a person says that he has high job satisfaction, it means that he really like his job feels good about it and values his job highly. According to E.A. Locke, job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. Job satisfaction is the amount of pleasure or contentment associated with a job -if you like your job intensely you will experience job dissatisfaction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andrew Bin Job satisfaction is the set of favourable or unfavourable feelings  with employees view their work.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keith Davis and Newstrom According to Fieldman and Arnold, Job satisfaction will be defined as the amount of the overall positive effort or (feelings) that individuals have towards their job Job satisfaction is the mental feeling of favorableness which an individual has about his job. So it is one of the important factors which have drawn attention of managers in the organization. Benefits of job satisfaction study Job satisfaction study can produce positive, neutral and negative results. The importance of the study is explained below. (1) The study informs the management about the level of satisfaction of the employees in the various services offered to them by the organization. (2)Job satisfaction study is a useful for identifying related problems, for assessing the response of the employees to various alternatives and also for encouraging managers to modify their original plans approximately. (3) Job satisfaction study is a useful way to determine certain training needs. (4) The study is tangible expression of managements interest in employee welfare which gives employees a reason to feel better towards management. EFFECT OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION Job satisfaction has a variety of effects these effects are. High turnover of employees. High absenteeism. Tardiness. Low employee performance. High turnover of employees Low satisfaction is associated with high employee turnover. Employee turnover means the proportion of employees leaving an organization. Most satisfied employees are less likely to think about quitting and searching for a new job or announce their intention to quit and thus one more likely to stay with their employer longer. Employee turnover has several negative consequences especially if the turnover rate is high. Difficult to replace derived employees. Direct and indirect costs to the organization since replacing workers are expensive. The feeling of demoralization because of the loss of valued Co-workers. Both work and social patterns may be disrupted until replacements are found. The organizations reputation in the community may suffer. High absenteeism Absenteeism refers to the frequency of absence of a job holder from the workplace either unexcused absence due to some avoidable reasons or long absence due to some unavoidable reasons. Tardiness The impact of low job satisfaction is tardiness. A tardy employee is one who arrives at work late. Tardiness is a type of short period absenteeism ranging from a few minutes to several hours for each event and it is another way in which employees. Withdraw from active involvement in the organization. it may impede the timely completion of work and disrupt productive relationship with Co-workers. A pattern of tardiness is often a symptom of negative attitude requiring managerial attention. Low employee performance If the rewards are seen as fair and equitable the improved satisfaction develops because employees feel that they are receiving rewards in proportion to higher performance. On the other hand if rewards are seen as inadequate for ones level of satisfaction leads to either great or lesser commitment which affects efforts and eventually the performance. Article: 1 WORK TEAMS AND JOB SATIFACTION Authors Laura Newmark, Management Consultant, Boone, NC, USA Jerry W. Koehler, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Thomas W. Philippe, St. Petersburg College, St Petersburg FL, USA Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH, Volume 8, Number 2, 2008 One of the most significant changes in modern organizations over the past few decades has been the increased use of work teams. Many organizations have embraced beliefs that people are untapped resources, that people who do the work are in the best position to improve the organizational processes, and the most effective method to utilize human resources is to form work teams. Even though many organizations have adopted the team approach, it still remains to be seen whether or not work teams positively affect organization members. Although there is Ample evidence that organizations have improved their quality and productivity by utilizing work teams, the overall affects teams have on the organization and organization members is still uncertain. There has not been sufficient research on the positive or negative affects of work teams. The definition of work teams accommodates the use of many labels. It includes autonomous work teams, semiautonomous work teams, self managed teams, process-improvement teams, self-determining teams, cross-functional teams, quality circles, etc. There are five themes that emerge from qualitative analysis they are (1)commitment, attitude, and willingness within team; (2)Knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience of team members; (3) team work and ability to work as a team; (4) internal team leadership (5) communication and trust within the team. In fact, the affect was just the opposite; people who did not work in a team had significantly higher job satisfaction than team members. The results indicate that working on teams may not have a positive affect on team member job satisfaction. This was a significant finding since job satisfaction has long been a significant variable for determining organizational effectiveness. Since many organizations are moving to team based organizations, the data indicates that this movement may cause organizations to experience significant problems in implementing teams, particularly in the area of job satisfaction. Article: 2 JOB SATISFACTION AND RETENTION STRATEGIES Author Safdar Rehman Director (HR), Super Solutions Consultancy, Canada Source: Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal (2012) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Vol. 4, No. 1 Phillips, (1998) and Meglino, Ravlin, De Nisi, (2000) studied that precise and pragmatic job information during the recruitment and selection process was linked with positive work outcomes like job satisfaction, low turnover and enhanced job performance. Applicants who felt a better fit between their knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) and their job requirements were likely to accept a job offer. Campion (1991) found that inescapable turnover was characteristically viewed as critical to an organization. The notion that turnover decreases organizational performance was supported by the most of researchers. Mobley (1982) suggested That, turnover might interrupt job performance when an employee who intended to leave became less efficient and effective. Shaw, Gupta, Delery, 2002 found empirically that voluntary turnover was associated with the inferior organizational performance. Other researchers suggested that turnover could improve performance. One probable advantage of turnover was the exclusion of poor performing employees. Furthermore, Staw et al; (1986) proposed that turnover might enhance performance if most of the turnover was by employees with longer or very short tenure. Article: 3 JOB SATISFACTION AND WORK LIFE BALANCE Author Millicent F. Nelson, Middle Tennessee State University Richard J. Tarpey, Middle Tennessee State University Source: Academy of Health Care Management Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, 2010 Work-family conflict studies have also indicated that there is a difference in levels of work-family conflict perception between males and females. Several of these studies have also indicated that the majority of pressure females experience comes from family demands rather than work demands especially when the family has children. One possible explanation is that a larger portion of family role tasks that are time constrained typically falls on the female of the family. While males usually assume responsibility for tasks such as home maintenance, females normally are responsible for tasks that must be done on a regular basis regardless of the quantity or pressures of work demands. Therefore, while many generally male dominated family tasks can be put off if work demands increase, the same is not true for the female dominated tasks such as laundry, cooking, or direct child care. Therefore, the propensity for females to experience work-family conflict is high due to irregular, inflexible or long work hours, potential limited choice in work schedules, and personal or family demands. Additionally, with families can experience more demanding family role tasks in addition to their potentially high demand work role tasks causing a further perception of a lack of balance. The implications of the work schedule on an individuals ability to achieve a work-family balance are clear and demonstrated in previous studies. An employees negative perception of a work schedule should increase the potential for the existence of work-family conflict through the perception of the scheduled hours as too excessive, irregular, or inflexible. THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION The main theoretical approaches to job satisfaction are given below: 1. Need Fulfillment Theory According to this theory a person is satisfied when he gets from his job what he wants. In other words, job satisfaction will vary directly with the extend to which those needs of an individual which can be satisfied actually. Thus, job satisfaction is positively related to the degree to which ones needs are fulfilled. 2. Equity Theory Under this theory, it is believed that a persons job satisfaction depends upon his perceived equity as determined by his input -output balance in comparison with the input -output balance of others. Every individual compares his rewards with those of a reference group. If he feels his rewards are equitable in comparison with others doing similar work, he feels satisfied. Job satisfaction is thus a function of the degree to which job characteristics meet the desires of the reference group. Equity theory takes into account not only the needs of an individual but also the opinion of the reference group to which the individual looks for guidance. 3. Two-factor theory (motivator-hygiene theory) Frederick Herzbergs Two-factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employees motivation to work is continually related to job satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals (Hoskinson, Porter, Wrench, p.  133). Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. While Hertzbergs model has stimulated much research, researchers have been unable to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman Oldham suggesting that Hertzbergs original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artefact. Furthermore, the theory does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to changes in motivating/hygiene factors. Finally, the model has been criticized in that it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured. 4. Discrepancy theory The concept of discrepancy theory explains the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection. An individual, who has not fulfilled his responsibility feels the sense of anxiety and regret for not performing well, they will also feel dejection due to not being able to achieve their hopes and aspirations. According to this theory, all individuals will learn what their obligations and responsibilities for a particular function, over a time period, and if they fail to fulfil those obligations then they are punished. Over time, these duties and obligations consolidate to form an abstracted set of principles, designated as a self-guide. Agitation and anxiety are the main responses when an individual fails to achieve the obligation or responsibility This theory also explains that if achievement of the obligations is obtained then the reward can be praise, approval, or love. These achievements and aspirations also form an abstracted set of principles, referred to as the ideal self guide. When the individual fails to obtain these rewards, they begin to have feelings of dejection, disappointment, or even depression 5.Equity Discrepancy Theory This is a combination ofequity and discrepancy theories. Under this theory, satisfaction is defined as the difference between the outcomes that one perceives he actually received and outcomes that one feels he should receive in comparison with others. When the individual feels that what he actually received is equal to what he perceives he should receive, there is satisfaction. This model reveals that a persons perception of what he should receive is influenced by the input and output of others. 6. Opponent process theory According to opponent process theory,  emotional events, such as criticisms or rewards, elicits two sets of processes. Primary processes give way to emotions that are steady with the event in question. Events that seem negative in manner will give rise to the feelings of stress or anxiety. Events that are positive give rise to the feeling of content or relaxation. The other process is the opponent process, which induces feelings that contradict the feelings in the primary processes. Events that are negative give rise to feelings of relaxation while events that are positive give rise to feelings of anxiety. A variety of explanations have been suggested to explain the uniformity of mood or satisfaction. This theory shows that if you try to enhance the mood of individual it will more likely fail in doing so. The opponent process theory was formulated to explain these patterns of observations. 7.Social Reference group theory Reference group defined the way an individual look at the world. According to this theory job satisfaction occurs when job meets   the interest, desire and requirements of a persons reference group .in   other word, job satisfaction is a function   of the degree to which the job meets the approval of the group to which the individual looks for guidance in evaluating the world and defining social reality. The social reference group theory is similar to the need fulfilment theory  except that it takes into account not the desires need and interest of the given individual but rather the point of view and opinion of the group to whom the individual looks for guidance. This theory an incomplete explanation to the extent some people are independent of group opinions and group pressure.

Renaissance :: European Europe History

Renaissance The Renaissance has been described as consisting of "a rebirth of the human spirit, a realization of the human potential for development." This quote, as well as the word, "Renaissance" imply a massive change in society and tradition. Contributing to this change was 17th century poet, John Donne. His style, combined with intellectual thoughts and ideas, set the foundation for what would become known as metaphysical poetry. Donne's style of writing was not only a significant factor in the Renaissance, but also the transition into "The Age of Reason". In Sonnet 10, from Holy Sonnets, he is able to contribute to the Renaissance ideal described in the preceding quote. "A rebirth of the human spirit...," describes a change in emotion that stems from a religious belief. Before the Renaissance, life and death were thought to be predetermined. Towards the end of the Renaissance, poets began to question parts of this belief, and as a result, the value of life came into question. In Sonnet 10, John Donne questions how powerful death is. He first challenges "Death" as he says "Death, be not proud, though some have called/thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;" in lines one and two. Yet, in lines seven and eight, Donne declares the power of "Death" by saying "And soonest our best men with thee do go, /Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery." These two quotes contradict each other, however, the question is clear: What is the power of death? Donne answers this question in the last line: "And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die." However, the reader at that time had his/her own answer to find. Donne had introduced a new thought. He spoke of "death" as a noun, yet spoke to "Death" as a being, without relating it to God. To dissociate God and Death, and then treat Death as an entity was indeed a new idea. "A rebirth of the human spirit" may have been the realization of the value of life, as a result of the questioning of the set belief. "...A realization of the human potential for development," is an accurate description of the Renaissance. People were beginning to accept change in social institutions as well as in many traditional beliefs. Poets, such as John Donne, were questioning ideas that seemed to be set in stone. They were also changing the structure and style of poetry.

Crocs

Crocs began marketing its shoes at a November 2002 boat show. Crocs were originally intended to be sold to boaters, because of their slip proof, non-marking sole and the fact that they are waterproof and odor resistant. However, this market soon expanded to include gardeners, healthcare workers, waiters, and other professionals who had to be on their feet all day. This market began to encompass markets Crocs had never considered.Over the course of a year what had started out as simply an idea on a sailing trip evolved into one of the greatest footwear phenomena of the decade. Products and Target Market Crocs currently targets multiple market segments ranging from boaters to gardeners to simply individuals wanting a comfortable pair of sandals. However, the firm's initial target market was boaters. Crocs' initial foray into the market was an effort to provide a comfortable pair of nonslip boating shoes to a niche market.This target market soon expanded to others who would pay a premiu m price for comfort. Nurses, retail store clerks, and others who spent most of the day on their feet quickly recognized the value proposition Crocs offered: while expensive, these individuals were willing to pay a premium to avoid the discomfort of traditional shoes. Today, Crocs targets an even wider swath of the market. Crocs' product category advertisements state that Crocs are for â€Å"women, men, kid, sports, and everyone. To further broaden their market, Crocs advertises that among these segments, customer will find its products to be comfortable â€Å"on the beach, around the house, in the rain, in cold weather, off the road, for walks in town, â€Å"and even something that will â€Å"look good in the office. † Crocs has kept its original characteristics of light-weight, non-slip, brightly colored product lines while created additional styles to accommodate the needs of different consumers. Crocs also offers apparel products such as t-shirts, shorts and even women' s leggings.

Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism

Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism Introduction Religion has remained an important aspect in the civilization of mankind. Whereas religious practices and belief systems may vary, the presence of a supreme being who is always worshipped is common. The deities are given special preference in any form of religious worship. This essay compares Hinduism and Buddhism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural and Geographical Origin The cultural and geographical origin of Hinduism can be traced back in the fourteenth century. The Afghans, Persians, and Arabs first used the term â€Å"Hindu† to denote the inhabitants of the aforementioned regions. The Indus River gave rise to the name Hindus and hence, people who used to reside close to this river were generally referred to as the Hindu (Fisher, 2014). Before the close of the nineteenth century, Hinduism became a religion. The te rm was used by the British colonial masters to describe all the religious groupings and practices that were dominant in this population. Nonetheless, the precise time when Hinduism began cannot be easily established. It has been described as a timeless religion. In other words, it is as old as humanity. According to historians, the early civilization that took place in the Indus valley contributed significantly towards the origin of Hinduism. Historical records indicate that northern India was the most likely origin of Buddhism. The fifth century B.C.E marked the first time when Buddhism came into limelight. However, the cultural origin of Buddhism is believed to be Gotama. He is the principal Buddha. The latter term refers to an individual who has been spiritually elevated and therefore more enlightened than other Buddhists. Buddhism has also been associated with the desire to alleviate human suffering across the world. Since the time it came into being, Buddhism has undergone seve ral modifications in terms of religious beliefs and practices. Specific Religious Practices The aspect of worship is one of the most vital religious practices in Hinduism. Worship entails seeking the attention of God and Devas. For instance, when they need blessings, Devas is believed to be the provider of good tidings. God’s awareness in Hinduism has been enhanced through worship. For instance, prayer, praise and invocations are collectively known as mantras (Flood, 2003). The meanings portrayed in the mantras can bring the presence of the gods close to them. Mantras also involve chanting and expressing full devotion to gods. A sacred river is used by those devoted to Hinduism to perform morning ablutions.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second most important religious practice in Hinduism is the Bhajan. This entails singing to the deities as way of prai sing them. It is usually a devotional song that may be presented as a simple or complicated devotion. In most instances, Bhajans express love for the spiritual gods and may also be lyrical in terms of composition. The songs contain statements from scriptures and denote the supreme nature of the deities. Finally, Hinduism values rituals as part and parcel of religious practices. Rituals are executed regularly. Some of the religious rituals are done in homes a part form the usual places of worship. However, individuals, villages and regions carry out the various rituals in diverse ways. For example, rituals may be carried out after taking a shower or late in the evenings in order to appease the gods. When rituals are being carried out, the deities’ images are made available as a symbol of their presence (Michaels, 2004). Buddhists believe in the practice of meditation as the only way through which followers can be enlightened both in the physical and spiritual world. Buddhistsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ meditation also brings about spiritual freedom according to their belief systems. All the major practices of Buddhism often involve meditation because it is a central theme or pillar. However, different Buddhist nations have adopted various ways of meditating. Both tranquility (samatha) and insight (vipassana) are used in Buddhism in the process of meditation. The second common type of religious practice is the mantras. It entails hymns and chanting that are directed to the divine powers. The mantras are believed to contain powers that are beyond human understanding. The term has been derived from one of the Indian sub tribes. It basically means safeguarding the mind. Finally, the Mundras are also evoked through the mind by making use of certain images drawn from Buddha. During Buddhist meditation, particular ideas are supposed to be evoked in the mind. Ritual meditations also demand the use of mundras. The Buddha’s identity is symbolized by the mundras. Hinduism and Buddhism Practiced in the World Today The two forms of meditation in Buddhism may be used at the same time or separately. Sitting meditation has been adopted by Buddhist schools in both Japan and China as way of exercising religious freedom in worship. The Tibetan Buddhism is particularly notable in the practice of Mantras.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This segment of the population that predominantly practices mantras has a strong belief that the presence of the deities can be brought closer when this religious practice is exercised. In other words, the deities are easily invoked through the mantras (Coogan, 2003). In addition, Hinduism has fundamental practices that are unique in each geographical location. In some regions across the world, religious customs in form of rituals can hardly miss during important events such as death, marriag e and birth. For instance, such rituals are common in India. Conclusion As can be seen, there are several similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism. For example, both religions embrace meditation and mantras as ways of worshipping the deities. However, the Mundras exist only among the Buddhists. References Coogan, M.D. (ed.) (2003). The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fisher, M. P. (2014). Living religions (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Flood, G. (2003), Blackwell companion to Hinduism. New York: Blackwell Publishing. Michaels, A. (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present (5th ed.). New York: Princeton University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Essays

OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Essays OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Paper OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Paper Essay Topic: Black Dog of Fate Of Mice and Men and La Strata By comparing Of Mice and Men and La Strata, they both come together to a similar point. Innocent figures are usually represented by nature while the opposite is described with a condescending connotation. Weapons are used to harm things and are able to assert dominance. When asserting dominance, one might say that the dominant being is a male showing masculinity while the one being dominated is classified as being a female showing feminism. When these two archetypes conjoin, it an be analyzed as innocence is inferior to weapons as weapons can disrupt a balance of nature, which can translate to how weapons and their users are more masculine to innocent figures which can lead to their ultimate doom. Steinbeck and Felling show a common interest in innocent figures and weapons due to the presence of both in their literary work. In Of Mice and Men, Leonie is portrayed as an innocent figure. He is described in a simplistic way and with nature and animal terms. As Leonie is being described in the beginning of the novel, his walking is described as the way a bear drags his saws (Steinbeck 2). Although the bear is known to be scary and dangerous, it can also be a lovable, stuffed teddy bear that a young child would want to play with. On that notation, Leonie is classified as a harmless, lovable man who is dumbstruck and has no intention on harming anybody. However, Liens friend, George, is described with the opposite of what Leonie was. He is classified as a man that was small and quick, dark of face (Steinbeck 2). Dark symbolizes evil or bad. So as Leonie is enjoying life, George will indeed know how to mess things up. Steinbeck makes the readers feel affection towards Leonie as he stumbles on throughout the novel. He is also recognized as being child-like. George describes Leonie as either a domesticated dog or a young male child when he says, Good boy! Thats fine Leonie! (Steinbeck 15). Being child-like creates a hidden definition of being dumbfounded and not knowing whats better or worse. Liens strength can get the best of him as he doesnt know that he has so much of it. When he murders Curlers wife, he only thought that he had hushed her but accidentally killed the woman. This pertains to the idea that Leonie is a child that doesnt know what hes doing and is portrayed as innocent but can possibly lead to his tragic fate. Riding along with Sampans, Slaloming is often identified as an innocent figure. She doesnt do anything bad or harmful to anyone. She is looked down upon all other people, thinking that she is a reckless child. Like in Of Mice and Men, a child is known to be a bit of a hassle and always getting into trouble. Although, what Slaloming gets in trouble for is the opposite of what normal people get in trouble for. Sampans knishes her for not obeying his orders to steal from the nunnery. This is known to be an innocent figure if one does the right thing but can easily backfire as it will be contrasted with black in the background or around her while she is wearing white. White symbolizes purity, softness, and innocence, thus creating another reason as to why Slaloming is an innocent figure. Her hair is lighter than everybody else in the film which also creates the contrast and the innocence. However, Sampans is always wearing black or dealt with black around him which makes him a threat to Slaloming. Moreover, Gloamings whiteness will soon be struck by Campaigns blackness. In Of Mice and Men and La Strata, Leonie and Slaloming are parallel characters that are classified as innocent figures. George speaks out to Leonie as if he was a small child and Sampans treats Slaloming like a child that is out of line. Leonie and Slaloming both act like they could be five years old and readers wouldnt know the difference. They both act like they dont know any better and think everything is all fine and dandy. Their partners are similarly the exact opposites of Leonie and Slaloming. Both of them can be recognized as two individuals that involve nature and light, which can be analyzed to become a symbol of innocence. Moreover, George and Sampans drastically contrast with the innocent figures as they are portrayed as evil and bad. George was described with a dark face and Sampans was always dressed in black or shot in front of a black background. George and Sampans are identified as threats towards Leonie and Slaloming as they are the opposites of them. Weapons are used to keep Leonie from doing anything bad. George uses the gun o show his masculinity and uses it to kill Leonie. George asserts his dominance when, the muzzle of it close to the back of Liens head. The hand shook violently, but his face set and his hand steadied. He pulled the trigger. (Steinbeck 106). Before this had happened, Leonie stole the gun and ran off so he wouldnt be harmed. This foreshadows as to how Leonie dies in the end and is ironic because he thought he wouldnt be harmed by the gun but he was killed by the gun without him even knowing it. Male dominance is used to impress other males as it was in the wild. George kills Leonie because he wants to get rid of useless things and to impress all the guys back at the farm. Sampans uses different kinds of weapons to punish Slaloming or keep her in line. When Sampans was teaching Slaloming a circus act, she would do something wrong and Sampans would whip her with a piece of straw that came out of the fields. Although Sampans had technically paid for Slaloming, he is still asserting his dominance with the act of aggression towards her. When Slaloming disobeys Sampans as he attempts to take from the nuns, she is again beaten as an act of rebellion.

Law Applicable to Contracts Under English Common Law, Rome Convention Essay

Law Applicable to Contracts Under English Common Law, Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980 - Essay Example It also had to be enforceable otherwise the courts could ignore the parties’ choice of the law applicable to the contract.4 The courts would also refuse to uphold an express choice of law clause if it merely appointed an applicable law upon the occurrence of a specific event.5 Under the common law, the applicable law is applied or implied by the courts in cases where the parties have not expressly selected the proper law of the contract.6 In doing so, the courts will look for evidence of the intention of the parties by reference to the facts and circumstances of the case. Intention will be implied from facts such as the parties’ nationalities, the place where the contract was concluded, the monetary currency in the contract’s transaction, the place for payment and evidence of a forum preference.7 The fact that the common law looks first for an express choice, failing which, they then look for an implied choice is a manifestation of the significance of party auton omy in English contract law. It is only when both methods for determining the law applicable to the contract have failed that the English courts under the common law will attempt to determine the law applicable to the contract by reference to an objective view of the facts and the circumstances. Essentially, the courts will seek to identify the law that is most closely connected to the contract. As Singleton LJ noted: One must look at all the circumstances and seek to find what just and reasonable persons ought to have intended if they had thought about the matter at the time when they made the contract.8 It is important to note here, that even where the courts are taking an objective view of the facts and circumstances in determining the... The English common law has established a long tradition of contractual freedom and the freedom to choose pursuant to the concept of party autonomy. Certainly, the common law does not permit party autonomy to function at all costs. There are limitations and those limitations,however, were the exception rather than the rule. With the implementation of the Rome Convention 1980, the English common law was superseded by an approach to party autonomy that basically treated party autonomy as the exception rather than the role. Although the Article 3(1) of the Rome Convention 1980 purports to confer upon parties the freedom to choose the law applicable to their contracts, the 1980 Convention sets out constraining and abortive provisions such as the mandatory laws, consumer contracts, and employment contracts. Rome I Regulation forces, even more, changes on the English tradition of party autonomy calculated to erode the freedom of choice. In the final analysis, it would appear that party auto nomy is only relevant where the parties are either professionals or businessmen. Even then, the Rome I Regulation ensures that the law is chosen for the parties in so many different circumstances that arguably, party autonomy is not a part of the Rome I Regulation.

Assisted Suicide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assisted Suicide - Term Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is an assisted suicide, a concept that is facing much controversy in legal and ethical terms. Patients who are suffering from terminal illness or unbearable pain ask their doctors to end their lives and relieve them of their suffering. This is called doctor-assisted suicide. Forman writes that the concept of assisted suicide is common to euthanasia which literally means good death. He states that, â€Å"Assisted suicide, in which a doctor or a family member takes active steps to end another person’s life, is another form of euthanasia†. There is a thought that such a practice is a blessing for those who are suffering from endless pain that cannot be lessened even with the use of medicine or years of treatment. Some patients think that they have a right to make a decision about their life and opting for a more dignified death. Thus, they go for assisted suicide or passive euthanasia. Individual’s consent matters the most. In the other case, obviously, it becomes a murder. But if the patient agrees, then his informed consent matters a lot. After all, it is he who is suffering from all the pain and distress. However, legislators have a controversial view on the issue. They think that assisted suicide should not be legalized even with the individual’s consent. According to Forman, Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997, which legalized the physician-assisted suicide, but later the Act was challenged by the Federal Authorities and was argued in the Supreme Court in 2005. In 2006, the decision was in its favor. United States legalizes passive euthanasia and terminally ill people are given the choice to refuse medical treatments that are doing nothing to improve their conditions and are only prolonging their illnesses. In my perspective, assisted suicide should be legalized with the individual’s consent under extreme conditions like when he is suffering from terminal illness with extreme pain. Methods used As illustrated earlier, the most common form of assisted suicide is the doctor-assisted suicide. Under this form, the terminally ill person, with his consent, is made to undergo processes like overmedication. Panzer states that, â€Å"One method of hastening death used by physicians, nurses and even family members is to administer overly high dosages of narcotics, sedatives or antidepressants when the patient has no need for them.† Inappropriately high doses of narcotics and sedatives result in respiratory depression which stops breathing and causes death to occur. Lethal injections are also used to hasten death and this is the more humane method, according to me. High doses of morphine are also given. Many doctors report that they gave high doses of morphine to the patient after telling him that the aim is to hasten the end of life and eliminate his pain forever. Hence, the primary aim is never to kill and to get relieved ourselves, but to help the patient to die an easy death and relieve him of his pain. My perspective It is a very hard task to decide whether or not to take a patient’s life deliberately. However, in some extreme conditions, it is appropriate to take the patient’s consent and give his choice priority. Consider a patient with a deadly disease or cruel debility which has made his life so unbearable and so troublesome with pain that pleasing, significant, focused survival has ceased to exist. If such a patient says himself, â€Å"I am unable to bear this pain. This is becoming intolerable for me and I no longer want to become a burden on my family. Please relieve me of this torment.† After considering all alternatives, I think it would be wise for the physician to respect and honor his choice of dignified death. The role of the physician is to do what is in the best interest of the patient, and sometimes it becomes better for the patient to die instead of living in torment and despair when there is