Aerodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aerodynamics - Essay Example the main topic, the Vortilon, a simple stall prevention device that was developed based on shared experience and is now freely integrated with all new aircraft entering the intensely price and performance-sensitive market. In today’s cutthroat competition between airlines, only those airlines operating the entire gamut of air and ground operations at optimum efficiency will survive. The principal contributor to an airline’s bottom line is the quality of aircraft it operates. The same competition exists between the manufacturers as well, with an identical base criterion, i.e., the quality of aircraft they produce. Essentially, the governing factor is the maximum number of passengers that can be flown the longest distance in one trip with the minimum consumption of expensive aviation fuel in each category of aircraft─ short, medium, long and ultra-long range. â€Å"Every Kg. of basic aircraft weight saved is a million dollars saved over a life span of twenty-five years,† according to Dr. Kota Harinarayan, Project Director, LCA, India, my mentor in aerodynamics (1986) (n.p.). Designing an aircraft and sections thereof take millions of man-hours from the drawing board to first flight to fully operational status. Aircraft have to be sleek and light, its surfaces as smooth as a baby’s skin, no unwanted drag creating protrusions, etc. Everything is centered about minimum weight, minimum drag and optimal use of CAD/CAM in the field of aerodynamics to extract maximum lift at minimum engine thrust in flight, with highest passenger density. Any aerodynamic innovation is most welcome. I do not propose to look at ground operations like ticketing, loading, salaries, etc. That leaves only the aircraft. Here, there are two factors to be considered, the engine and the airframe. Since this Paper is specifically aimed at an aerodynamic concept, I will discuss engines only in brief. NASA (2008) describes four propulsion systems: The Propeller, the Ramjet, the Rocket and

Womens issues in the 1800´s Essay Example for Free

Womens issues in the 1800 ´s Essay In comparing the three authors and the literary works of women authors, Kate Chopin (1850 -1904), The Awakening, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans (1860-1935), The Yellow Wallpaper, and Edith Whartons (1862-1937) Souls Belated, many common social issues related to women are brought to light, and though subtly pointed out are an outcry against the conventions of the time. In these three stories, which were written between 1899 and 1913, the era was a time in which it seems, women had finally awaken to realize their social oppression and were becoming rebellious in their pursuit of freedom from the male-dominated societal convention in which they existed. They commenced viewing their social stature as unjustly inferior, and they realized that these conventions placed deterrents on their intellectual and personal growth, and on their freedom to function as an independent person. All three of these women authors have by their literary works, voiced their strong unfavorable feelings about the patriarchal society in which they lived. These women authors have served as an eye-opener for readers, both men and women alike, in the past, and hopefully still in the present. (There are still cultures in the world today, where women are treated as unfairly as women were treated in prior centuries). These women authors have impacted a male dominated society into reflecting on of the unfairness imposed upon women. Through their writings, each of these women authors who existed during that masochistic Victorian era, risked criticism and retribution. Each author ignored convention and proceeded to write about womens issues. They took the gamble and suffered the consequences, but each one stood by what is just and reasonable. They were able to portray women as human beings, rather than as totally self-sacrificing and sanctified women, as was expected of women in that era. Todays women are privileged that there were daring women such as Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It is also fortunate for us all, that from the late 1800s to the early part of the 1900s there  were women, rich enough to have the luxury of leisure that enabled them write about what they felt were very important issues for women. In Kate Chopins The Awakening and Edith Whartons Souls Belated the two main characters admirably brave, daring, and courageous women. They were women whose souls were belatedly awakened and seemed to have gone through metamorphoses. These two women found that they no longer desired to live by the imposed social moral conventions of the time. They dared to act upon their passion and emotions by opting and daring to live in sin, in order to exercise their own independence and personal freedom; in other words, they refused to live with the public. Though Kate Chopins character, Edna, is portrayed as less than a devoted mother, in the end, she gives up her life for her children sake. She commits suicide so that in the future, her children would not be the objects of malicious societal gossip because of her infidelities. In Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper the main characters (name not mentioned) motherly instincts, are nearly non-existent, since it is implied that part of her mental illness has been triggered by post-partum syndrome. This lack of motherly instinct is depicted when she makes one of the few references to her child, It is fortunate Mary is so good to the baby, such a dear baby, and yet, I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous (664). In each of the stories the women took dissimilar paths. The paths taken, though unintentional and unconventional, by Chopin and Gilmans heroines have very serious consequences, lead them to their desired freedom and out of their intolerable lifes responsibilities. Chopins character welcomes death through drowning. Gilmans character welcomes insanity. Whartons character initially chooses to risk losing the man she loves, rather than go back to a life plague by social conventions and expectations. Not one of the main characters chooses to go back to their original situation. In Souls  Belated, it is implied that Lydia decides to return to Gannet and possibly marry him, in order to restart living a new life with the man she loves, though she detests societies conventions. All characters were in unhappy marriages where the distribution of love was one-sided. All their marriages seem to have been marriages of convenience, as was the custom of the day, mainly for the upper classes, and all women felt trapped. Chopins character, Edna, married Leonce Pontellier because he was financially stable, and because she wanted to go against her familys wishes. .Add to the violent opposition of her father and her sister Margaret to her marriage to a catholic and we need seek no further motives which led her to accept Monsieur Pontellier for her husband. In the Yellow Wallpaper, the main character speaks of a one-sided love when she reflects; It is so hard to talk to John about my case, because he is so wise, and because he loves me so (663). The author Souls Belated in giving the reader a pointer as to why Lydia acted on her emotions writes .. from the first, regarded her marriage as a full canceling of her claims upon life (674). In all the stories, the authors commonly depict propriety in marriage, a yearning for freedom from convention, loveless marriages, wealth and unconventional women. Chopin and Gilman imply that the mental illnesses experienced by their characters are due mainly, to male oppression. Chopin and Wharton write about infidelity, passion and love; and Chopin and Gilman write about women working for pay. All authors write about women who feel trapped by tradition and convention and all display abhorrence toward the social expectations set for women. Bibliography The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th Ed. W.W. Norton Co. NY. 1998. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening 672-690. Charlotte Gilman Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper 657-670. Wharton, Edith. Souls Belated 467-670.

Sexual Health Education in China Essay -- lack of sex education, abstin

Does the lack of sexual health education in the Chinese education system pose serious consequences within Chinese society? This summary of my thesis argument intends to present more understanding regarding the comprehensive literature surrounding sexual health education in China. My thesis will aim to contribute a focused argument to the sexual health education dialogue by providing a case study of the sexual health education system in China, in order to analyze the current problems of the system and the possible serious results regarding the Chinese population because of these problems. While conversing about the current state of sexual health education, I will focus on the different ways that sexual health education is carried out in the school systems throughout China compared to other countries, what these effects have on society and how this could be changed. This is only a short compilation of the number of sources I will eventually have, as I plan to find much more information as I continue my research. Professor Zhou-Yu Feng touches on the problems within Chinese society in her thesis â€Å"The Comparative Research on Sex Education for Adolescents of China and the US†, by saying â€Å"it is known that sex education is a blind spot in China’s basic education. Many social problems are caused due to the lack of sex education, which has gradually aroused people’s attention† (Yu-Feng). The importance of providing clear and correct sexual health education by the education school system is also of great importance because as many Chinese citizens are increasingly having premarital sexual relationships without concise or clear sexual health education, this poses the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, unplanned pregnancies,... ... of Comprehensive Sex Education in China: Findings from Suburban Shanghai†, International Family Planning Perspectives (2005): 63-72. Wen, S.H., J.D. Zeng, and M.L. Ng. 1990. Sex and Moral Education. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing. Will, Rachel. "Contraceptive Use In China." US-China Today:. 30 Mar. 2012. Xinhua News Agency, First sex education VCD for youngsters released, May 31, 2002, , accessed July 16, 2003. Yifen, Wang, and Chen Wei. "Progress or Pornography." News China Magazine RSS. News China, Dec. 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. Yu-feng, Zhou. "The Comparative Research on Sex Education for Adolescents of China and the US." US-China Education Review 408-417 (2012): 408-17. Web. . Zhu, WeiJing. "The World of Chinese." The World of Chinese. 20 Aug. 2013.

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service Essay

The scope of the project is to develop a web based application for Reliable Pharmaceutical Service to ease the existing system for its employees. The new web based application should be user friendly and should be hosted at the headquarters of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service. The existing data Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be moved into the new web based application. Before the start of the development activities of the web based application, the activities like effort estimation, risk identification, budget allocation, resource identification etc should be completed to ensure hassle free development of the project. The effort estimation should be done very precisely to ensure the timely completion of the project. The testing of the web based application plays an important role in the successful project delivery therefore the software should be extensively tested so avoid any hiccups in the future. There will be several defects that may be identified during the testing phase. The resolution of all such defects is also in the scope of this project. The existing losses of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service are due to the complex system on which the whole company relies upon. The new web based application should work in such a way that Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should start making profits once again. The web based application so developed should be such that the widespread network of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be precisely united. The business that is being carried forward with the existing old technologies should be completely replaced with the new web technology without any loss of data.

University project help

Exchange rates, transportation and trade costs all need to be accounted for in the bid. These added costs make cost control (in other controllable areas of the project) vital. Without tight cost control, the company will not be able to compete with bids of domestic firms. 3. Why is cost estimation such an important component of project planning? Discuss how it links together with the Work Breakdown Structure and project schedule? Cost estimation, if done correctly, enables a firm to determine if the project will be profitable, if the company can afford the project and in general if the project is worth ursuing.It also provides the company with a cost range for bidding (in the case ofa customer-oriented project). With respect to Work Breakdown Structure and project schedule, cost estimation is important because it leads to budgeting of monetary and other resources (both material and human). These allocations must coordinate with the Work Breakdown Structure and project schedules prepa red by management to figure out if the required resources will be available as needed. 4. Imagine you were developing a software package for your company's intranet.Give xamples of the various types of costs (labor, materials, equipment and facilities, subcontractors, etc. ) and how they would apply to your project. Potential costs of creating software package include costs of labor, materials, subcontractors, equipment and facilities and travel. Software engineers, developers, computer technicians, trainers (for end users) and technical writers would incur labor costs. Material costs may come from printing and creating installation CDs/ disks, additional mainframe hardware, memory or accessories, and any printing and paper requirements for user manuals.Developers and contractors may require extra space or equipment. Subcontractors may be used to consult on design and implementation. Subcontractors may require costs associated with travel if the firm is not local. 5 Give reasons bot n in tavor ot and against the use ot personal time charge as a cost estimate for a project activity. Using a personal time charge can create a more accurate assessment of time by including a reasonable amount of downtime in estimates of work time.By using the personal time charge, a company can be better compensate for its labor resources, s all time (productive or not) spent on a particular Job is a use of human/intellectual resources. However, from a customer's perspective this charge may appear unwarranted. The personal time charge allows time for unproductive breaks. Customers will most likely be reluctant to pay for unproductive time – resulting in payment disputes. 6. Think of an example of parametric estimating in your personal experience, such as the use of a cost multiplier based on a similar, past cost.Did parametric estimating work or not. Discuss the reasons why. This is a personal example question and should only be applied to students with ome project experience . 7. Put yourself in the position ofa project customer. Would you accept the cost adjustments associated with learning curve effects or not? Under what circumstances would learning curve costs be appropriately budgeted into a project? As a customer, I would not accept fees when the repetitive work (that accounts for the learning curve) is a routine Job for the supplier.The reason for this is that I would be paying for learning effects that others would reap the benefit from. Also, learning effects associated with new employees would be unreasonable to include in project illing. On the other hand, if the repetitive work/learning curve effects were project or customer specific, then budgeting the costs into the project would be appropriate. 8. Consider the common problems with project cost estimation and recall a project with which you have been involved. Which of these common problems did you encounter most often? Why?

International Adoption Agencies (U.S.) & Russian Government essays

International Adoption Agencies (U.S.) & Russian Government essays In addition to the children in the United States who need families, there are countless thousands of homeless children in countries scattered around the globe (Klibanoff 166). Consequently, private adoption agencies are expanding their adoption services by entering into the international arena. I will analyze why Russia is a lucrative market for expanding adoption services globally and identify the determinant factors adoption agencies will endure while conducting business globally. In doing so, I will conduct a country profile and examine how Russias political, economic, cultural, social, legal, medical, and geography systems affect international adoption agencies. Lastly, I will discuss how U.S. adoption agencies build alliances with the Russian Government to process international adoptions and examine marketing strategies that are used to implement an international adoption program. Adoptive Families explains the history of adoption. It states: The modern era of international adoption began after the Korean War, when Korean and Amerasian orphans were placed with families living in the United States. Since then, Americans have adopted many thousands of children from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. In 2001 alone, U.S. families adopted over 19,000 children from other countries. (41) Each year more American families include a child adopted from another part of the world and children adopted from Russia Federation by American citizens are steadily increasing. In Russia the family is the center of life, and children are the center of the family (Schomp 33). Unfortunately, most city families can only afford to have one child. Although, there is a collective responsibility for Russian children, which is exhibited through over protectiveness, Russian children are often abandoned by parents unable to care for them. Due to the downward economy in Russia, many families cannot par...

Steps for Writing a Short Story (Fiction)

Steps for Writing a Short Story (Fiction) Steps for Writing a Short Story (Fiction) Writing a short story is a great way to practice writing skills. Because a short story limits your word count, you have to determine which details are important and delete the others. This can be a challenge for writers who have so many ideas they want to convey. If you have been tasked with writing a short story but are stuck, here’s some information to help: What is a Short Story? Short stories are fictional works. There are three kinds of short stories: Micro fiction can be as short as five to less than 100 words Flash fiction length ranges from 101 to 1,000 words Traditional can be as long as 5,000 words per story Elements of a Short Story Writers who excel at writing short stories are able to master combining five elements that must be present. These are: Characters these are people, animals, objects, or creatures that think and talk Setting the location where the story takes place Plot the series of events that lead to the climax Theme a general â€Å"truth† about life Point of View the vantage point the author uses to tell a story Steps to Writing a Short Story A short story is an artform that takes practice and dedication. Here is a five-step plan to help you improve your short story writing: Determine what message you’re trying to convey Choosing a theme for the story makes it easier to formulate a story. When you know which lessons the characters should learn or teach the readers, it helps inspire writing. Write a plot that coincides with the message Once you’ve figured your message, create a storyline that coincides with that theme. The first step is what message you want to tell. This second step is how you deliver that message. Create your character Memorable fiction characters are detailed. Give each a distinct personality and allow them to develop. Character development is one of the biggest challenges for short story writers. You only have a handful of pages to transform certain characters. Write an attention-grabbing first paragraph The first paragraph of your story captures the attention of an audience. Make that paragraph interesting by making a bold statement, relate to the audience, appeal to the senses, or add a little mystery. Build to the climax and end with a satisfying resolution Short stories begin closer to the climax than a regular novel would. Keep your build to the climax interesting and fast, and take care not to rush it. Here’s how to build a gripping end to the story: Write a clear-cut ending that explains exactly what happens Provide an open ending that lets the readers decide for themselves how the story ends Offer a monologue from one of the characters, tying it all together Create symbolic ending with meaning beyond the literal one One of the best ways to improve your creative writing skills is to keep reading. Observe the writing techniques of authors you enjoy, and try to develop your own creative writing style. If you need help with writing, editing, proofreading, or finishing a writing assignment, is at your service.

The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean

The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the worlds five oceans with an area of 5,427,000 square miles (14,056,000 sq km). It has an average depth of 3,953 feet (1,205 m) and its deepest point is the Fram Basin at -15,305 feet (-4,665 m). The Arctic Ocean is between Europe, Asia and North America. In addition, most of its waters of the Arctic Ocean are north of the Arctic Circle. The Geographic North Pole is at the center of the Arctic Ocean. While the South Pole is on a land mass the North Pole is not but the area that it inhabits is usually made up of ice. Throughout most of the year, much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting polar icepack that is an average of ten feet (three meters) thick. This icepack normally melts during the summer months, which is being extended due to climate change. Is the Arctic Ocean an Ocean or a Sea? Due to its size, many oceanographers do not consider the Arctic Ocean to be an ocean at all. Instead, some think it is a Mediterranean sea, which is a sea that is a mostly enclosed by land. Others believe it to be an estuary, a partially enclosed coastal body of water, of the Atlantic Ocean. These theories are not widely  held. The International Hydrographic Organization does consider the Arctic to be one of the worlds seven Oceans. While they are located in Monaco, the IHO is an intergovernmental organization representing hydrography, the science of measuring the ocean. Does The Arctic Ocean have Seas? Yes, even though its the smallest ocean the Arctic does have its own seas. The Arctic Ocean is similar to the worlds other oceans because it shares borders with both continents and marginal seas which are also known as mediterranean seas. The Arctic Ocean shares borders with five marginal seas. The following is a list of those seas arranged by area. The Arctic Seas Barents Sea, Area: 542,473 square miles (1,405,000 sq km)Kara Sea, Area: 339,770 square miles (880,000 sq km)Laptev Sea, Area: 276,000 square miles (714,837 sq km)Chukchi Sea, Area: 224,711 square miles (582,000 sq km)Beaufort Sea, Area: 183,784 square miles (476,000 sq km)Wandel Sea, Area: 22,007 square miles (57,000 sq km)Lincon Sea, Area: Unknown Exploring The Arctic Ocean Recent developments in technology are allowing scientist to study the depths of the Arctic Ocean in brand new ways. This study is important to help scientist study the catastrophic effects of climate change to the area. Mapping the Arctic Ocean  floor could even lead to new discoveries like trenches or sandbars. They may also discover new species of lifeforms found only at the top of the world. It is truly an exciting time to be an oceanographer or a hydrographer. Scientists  are able to explore this treacherous frozen part of the world in depth for the first time in human history. How exciting!

How does the Technology of Communication Influence the Nature and Essay

How does the Technology of Communication Influence the Nature and Identity of Community - Essay Example The presence of satellite communication has made it possible for the users to communicate in the most remote areas. The vast outbreak of technology has impacted the communities across the world. The effect of technology has been so massive that the behavior and identity of a community can be determined and is influenced by the communication technology in use. Communication and Community: The interdependence of proper communication and community development has been agreed by the modernist of the 19th and the 20th century. German theories suggest that proper communication is effective in community building as communication is helpful in suppressing and ignoring individuality to a large extent. Several theories were in proposition regarding community and communication. It was claimed that communication leads to community as communication is helpful in the creation of mutual recognition and promotes mutual respect among each other. Some liberals have the idea that the communication help s the individuals to express their own ideas and their expression of ideas gives rise to competition and differentiation, which leads to the effective growth of community. The theories suggested by optimists and pessimists vary in respect of community and communication. However similar ideas were shared which included the importance of communication on community and that both are necessary for the overall growth. The pessimist held the idea that mass communication as a false mode of communication and culture. Whereas the optimist believed that the mass communication is highly important in the integration of huge number of people to form communities. They propagated the idea that interpersonal communication and the formation of social organization will not be sufficient enough to have diversified ideas and will not result in creation of a great community. It has been highlighted that the behavior of community is associated with communication. In order to increase the tie in a communi ty it is important to get involved in more participation.1 The technologies of communication in the recent years aim to serve various communities in their own unique ways. The popular modes of communication technology involve the global use of internet and its associated technologies, Satellite television, newspaper, Radio broadcast. The use of technology for communication has been differentiated in the developed and the developing nations. The improvement of information and technology communication has affected the socio economic aspects both in a good and bad manner. The benefit of the ICT network has been significant in providing of essential service to the people. The effect of technology in communication has been significant in strengthening the community and increasing the community capacity. The increased access to communication enhances the ability of a community to communicate with business and other administrative units. The participation of a greater number of people in t he community development program and in their governance also increases. The wide use of the internet helps in the transformation of the social capital and involves a considerable mass to be in contact with each other. The local group base solidarity is eliminated to a large extent by the spatial

Nationald Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nationald Gallery - Essay Example The works blend with the design and architecture of The New Art Gallery enhancing the visitor's experience of the works by showing them in new and interesting ways and making connections between old and new art. However, local artistic styles were not lost completely and they make up an essential element of the mature English Romanesque style. In religious painting, this is characterized by the use of abstracted or distorted figures, which are fully coloured and delineated by solid outlines. Frederick Antal (1962) The area above the door itself provides the artist with a large semicircular field called the tympanum within which to carve both decorative and narrative subjects, which are supplemented by ornament applied to the door jambs, arches, and capitals. These carvings are often highly imaginative and amusing blending in some religious and secular imagery within one small area. Compositions are generally formal and patterned, while physical space is indicated by rectangular background panels. Exaggerated facial expressions and gestures portray religious drama scenes. Numerous illuminated manuscripts made for the new monasteries, seemingly indicate an essential element of the Norman establishment. Azzopardi (2001) The most unique collection includes paintings, drawings, sculpture, photographs, video and installations from artists and public and private collections in Britain and abroad. Major works are included by Francis Bacon, Per Barclay, Cecil Beaton, Bruce of LA; this exhibition highlights the artist's preoccupations with urban and natural landscapes and with human perception and interaction. Encompassing large-scale video and sound installation, photography, drawing and film, it gives a first UK staging to a number of newly-completed works. Office Architects, the exhibition includes a wealth of historical and contemporary drawings alongside models, collage, computer modelling and extracts from films. While many of these ideas were intended to enthuse and convince clients about real architectural schemes, some were private fantasies, exploring how the world might have looked today had the tastes of our predecessors been different. The collection of art includes works by Robert Adam, Archigram, Sir Charles Barry, Etienne-Louis Boullee, Sir William Chambers, Foster & Partners, Future Systems, Erno Goldfinger, Eric Mendelsohn, John Nash, Softroom, Paolo Soleri and Tecton. This art includes work painted of a dramatic floor-ceiling projection recreating the artist's ascent up a thirty-five metre deep Antarctic crevasse - together with a recent commission, Sky Drawing (Night, Day), which focuses on the movement of air traffic over Birmingham. Until recently the society has been developing collaboration with Vivid, Birmingham and includes work commissioned by Vivid with the support of the Henry Moore Foundation. Infected by Gina Czarnecki and Iona Kewney is a haunting video installation about the nature of the physical body in the context of future technological possibilities, seen through dance and digitally manipulated imagery. Men in the Wall by Liz Aggiss and Billy Cowie are a four screen, 3-dimensional stereoscopic installation. Each life-size 3D 'frame' is inhabited by a man whose world is tightly choreographed and scripted. Viewers can experience the men's shared, framed lives

Peoples Republic of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Peoples Republic of China - Essay Example Globalization has been instrumental in guiding business operations around the world in the modern business environment. But there are scholars such as Ghemawat (â€Å"Cosmopolitan† 3) and Khan, Palepu, and Sinha who still believe that most countries would have their operations rooted in their countries. The authors note that just as 90% of people fail to leave the countries where they were born, organizations concentrate most of their operations in the countries of their origin. For example, in 2004, the US companies that operated in foreign countries were less than 1% with 60% and 10% of those with foreign operations being based in Canada and the UK respectively. In this paper, the People’s Republic of China, PRC would be analyzed based on four key aspects: dimensions of distance, institutions, diffusion of technology and its industrial clusters. Four dimensions of distance suggested by Ghemawat (â€Å"Distance† 138) have been adopted in analyzing the aspect of distance and include cultural, administrative, geographic and economic, CAGE distance. This framework has been noted to be important in helping managers point out and assess the effect of distance to their organizations. Different industries would be affected differently by these four dimensions. These dimensions encompass varied factors ranging from the readily apparent to the quite subtle. The cultural distance of a country largely determines people’s interaction with each other and with institutions and companies. Distance could arise due to the difference in race, religious beliefs, language and social norms, which affect trade. According to Ghemawat (â€Å"Distance† 140), with all factors held constant, trading between countries that share a language would be three times better than between counties without a common language. The unpopular Man darin being the official language in China has significantly hindered international trade in the region.

Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI Africaa and Ghana Essay

Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI Africaa and Ghana - Essay Example ping countries of the world to attract foreign direct investment as a way to spark production and manufacturing capabilities within the country, while hopefully benefitting the region as a whole in terms of economic development. Foreign direct investment is not easy to attract. Because such sources of capital often come from individuals or companies, stakeholders involved expect a reasonable return on their investment, along with management and control interests with minimal risk. This is even more important when the source of foreign direct investment comes from a country that must answer to the local taxpayer. In such situations, concessions will need to be made to insure that the investments are properly handled and become beneficial for both parties. Unfortunately, the developing countries of the world often lack the political stability to make this happen. In addition, there are logistical, cultural, and economic barriers that cause many investors to be hesitant when asked to provide direct aid to a particular country or region. In order to open up opportunities, countries such as those in Africa will need to examine existing economic policy and find ways to make investment in their countries more attr active moving forward. Ghana and Nigeria serve as the focus for this project because of the complementary economies. In addition, they are two developing nations that have seen recent success in attracting foreign direct investment. In order to provide a model for other developing nations to observe, it is important to determine the benefits that are being realized from these increased investments and what has been done to further spark the economic growth in the region. The country of focus, from an investment standpoint, is China. China has been willing to fund various projects within this West African region, in exchange for benefits received back home. The study discusses how the partnership is faring and what Ghana and Nigeria can do to attract

Two Icons of Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Icons of Renaissance Art - Essay Example While many renowned names involve in this artistic stream, there are few who hold their stands unmatched as the propagators of artistic cultures. Two of such names are Botticelli and Raphael who introduced and developed a personal insightful depiction of some contemporary concepts and universal portrayals. Two notable works of art from Botticelli and Raphael are The birth of Venus (Botticelli) and Mond Crucifixion (Raphael). Those two works of art are very much the representing pieces for their contemporary culture picking up classical foundations to mount with artistic rendering of subtle individual depictions. Heritage of classical ages During renaissance, new developments and imaginations of most artists had come out of the classical traditions of arts. Notably, modernism had not touched the world and breaking of rules was limited only up to the imaginations of artists. Thus, artist of earlier renaissance period opted to provide their insights to some traditional themes. Both The Birth of Venus and Mond crucifixion are grounded in deep Christian imagination of human conditions. As in The birth of Venus, the iconography does not entail a violation of themes dwelling in contemporary consciousness. Similarly, in Mond Crucifixion depiction of Jesus is portrayed as a calm figure even when crucified. Theological icons as Venus and Jesus had a very specific place in classical artistic culture. On the other hand church’s influences were quite dominant over artistic depictions till renaissance. However, during renaissance most of the painters and artists had been associated and were adorned by the church too. It is mostly the style, imaginative depiction of surrounding and use of different shades which had put those arts on steps ahead of the classical ages. Materials, Style and Colors As Botticelli belonged to an era when Oil paintings were not popularized up to an extent The birth of Venus was painted on tempera while Mond Crucifixion arrived at a time when popularity of oil paintings had overtook the use of tempera around whole Europe. Historically too, Oil paintings proved to be more facilitative compared to tempera. Tempera dries very fast and painters had to be very accurate in mixing the paint. Oil painting proved to be easier to use enhancing numerous opportunities to painters to use fast brushstrokes. Comparing The birth of Venus to Mond Crucifixion, the use of oil in the later provides much scope to paint the background while in The birth of Venus background is dissolved into sea with very keen strokes till the end which is quite essential in a tempera material. In both the paintings, use of colors and lights is straight away comparable as The birth of Venus provides a little fading effect towards the third dimension while Mond Crucifixion holds sharper colors and clearer lights to sustain with the aura of Jesus which is essentially to be preserved in the painting. The birth of Venus is visualized with the imaginative beauty of painter’s convictions to the relevant matter described by many earlier artists. Instead of the three Hours of Homer's hymn and Poliziano's poem, he shows us one fair nymph, in a white robe, embroidered with blue corn-flowers, springing lightly forward to offer Venus a pink mantle sown with daisies. In the laurel groves along the shore, we see a courtly allusion to the "Laurel who sheltered the

Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI Africaa and Ghana Essay

Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI Africaa and Ghana - Essay Example ping countries of the world to attract foreign direct investment as a way to spark production and manufacturing capabilities within the country, while hopefully benefitting the region as a whole in terms of economic development. Foreign direct investment is not easy to attract. Because such sources of capital often come from individuals or companies, stakeholders involved expect a reasonable return on their investment, along with management and control interests with minimal risk. This is even more important when the source of foreign direct investment comes from a country that must answer to the local taxpayer. In such situations, concessions will need to be made to insure that the investments are properly handled and become beneficial for both parties. Unfortunately, the developing countries of the world often lack the political stability to make this happen. In addition, there are logistical, cultural, and economic barriers that cause many investors to be hesitant when asked to provide direct aid to a particular country or region. In order to open up opportunities, countries such as those in Africa will need to examine existing economic policy and find ways to make investment in their countries more attr active moving forward. Ghana and Nigeria serve as the focus for this project because of the complementary economies. In addition, they are two developing nations that have seen recent success in attracting foreign direct investment. In order to provide a model for other developing nations to observe, it is important to determine the benefits that are being realized from these increased investments and what has been done to further spark the economic growth in the region. The country of focus, from an investment standpoint, is China. China has been willing to fund various projects within this West African region, in exchange for benefits received back home. The study discusses how the partnership is faring and what Ghana and Nigeria can do to attract

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economics - Research Paper Example When corn was used as an alternative enery source then it is apparent that soy beans will be demanded because it was used in a different manner other than food consumption. The supply of soy beans will decrease because farmers tend to use their farmlands for production of corn due primarily to two supply determinants. The first one is factor prices, since the cost for production is the same. Instead of soy beans they will prefer to farm corn in their lands. The other is expectations for the future because of anticipation that they will be able to easily sell their harvest due to the demand in corn as a raw material in a type of alternative energy. To note, corn was used as a component in alternative enrgy production with no substitute or complement indicated while soy beans was a substitute and not a complement which yields that it is affected in supply and demand parallel to corn. The determinants of demand which includes income, tastes, preferences, prices of substitutes or complements, expectations of the future and population (Carleton University, 2008). Given the scenario, the price of corn oil is likely to increase because the raw material for it which is corn was used in a different manner. Corn oil is a preferred ingredient by people in their daily kitchen use so this lets it fall under taste and preference. Concurrently, Total Revenue will increase based on the assessment that it is inelastic (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 2007). Increase in prices is greater than the increase in the quantity demanded which translate to an agmented total revenue for corn oil producers considering all

Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Example for Free

Chinese Immigration to Canada Essay Canadian culture and the way Canadians live their lives is signi? cantly different from the Chinese. Chinese who are â€Å"fresh off the boat† often struggle with language barriers, cultural gaps and the new environments they are introduced to because they arrived in a strange country with no experience. In spite of the dif? culties many Chinese encounter, they are willing to acquire new knowledge about Canada. Many families who immigrate to Canada lose everything. They encounter ? nancial, employment, and language issues. Although interacting in a new language can be extremely stressful for immigrants and be detrimental to their self-esteem, learning English is inevitable for Chinese immigrants. Chinese immigrants would blend into Canadian society easier if they had previous knowledge of cultural and social differences or a greater language pro? ciency that would allow them to adapt more effectively in their new society as well as interact more comfortably. ! Immigrant children are usually shy when in a class with other Canadians. Most of the time, when Chinese students come to Canada, they usually associate with their friends who speak Chinese and they avoid interacting with other students who speak English. However, when students make friends, they are introduced to a new language and new social behaviours. These new friendships are bene? cial to both the native Canadian as well as the immigrant student because they learn from each other. This learning fosters tolerance instead of breeding ignorance and racism. It is crucial for immigrant students to meet native Canadians because that is the most convenient means of introducing them to their new society. ! Families that have no relatives or friends in Canada immediately experience signi? cant ? nancial and employment problems. These complications prevent new immigrants from feeling safe in their new country, and many seek comfort in church groups. These church groups help new immigrants to adjust to the Canadian lifestyle, and they also provide important resources for the new immigrant to explore in order to adjust to their new community with few problems. Yet, in the recent years, many wealthy Chinese have immigrated to Canada, so factors like ? nancial and employment problems do not apply to them. Many of these wealthy Chinese immigrants operate businesses in China from Canada; therefore, the need to ? nd employment is not problematic. ! Many Chinese immigrants come to Canada because of the numerous opportunities Canada provides. The student life within school and outside of school provides more freedom and the ability to think independently. In China, high school students are loaded with homework and spend most of their free time doing homework and going to tutors. The Canadian scenery provides opportunities of living in a new country with beautiful landscapes and wonders. Families are ? nally able to relax in a non-overpopulated country and enjoy the nice weather. Background History Before The first Chinese immigrants to settle in Canada were 50 artisans who accompanied Captain John Meares in 1788 to help build a trading post on the West Coast of Canada. In 1858, Chinese immigrants began arriving from San Francisco as gold prospectors in the Fraser River Valley, and Barkerville, BC, became the first Chinese community in Canada. By the 1860s, the Chinese population of Vancouver Island and BC was estimated to be around 7000. Many of the first Chinese migrants were young peasants from South China. They laboured under appalling conditions to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Between 1880 and 1885, 15 000 Chinese labourers completed the BC section of the CPR, but more than 600 workers died during the construction stage. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 17000 settlers in Canada. From 1988 to 1993, more than 167 000 Hong Kong immigrants settled in Canada, By 2001, 82% of people of Chinese origin lived in one of these two provinces. By the start of the 21st century, the 2006 census showed that there were 1 346 510 people of Chinese ancestry living in Canada. The Chinese are the third largest ethnic group in Canada, after the English and French. The major periods of Chinese immigration (from 1858 to 1923 and since 1947) shows changes in the Canadian Government Immigration Policy. From 1885, Chinese immigrants were obligated to pay a $50 â€Å"entry fee† or head tax† before being admitted into Canada. The Chinese were the only ethnic group to pay a tax to enter Canada. By the 1900s, in response to agitation in BC, the Liberal government restricted Chinese immigration by raising the head tax to $100 per person. After the 1903 session of Parliament passed legislation raising the head tax to $500, the number of Chinese who paid the head tax dropped from 4719 to 8 people. Current Situation Chinese immigrants in the 21st century come to Canada for a better education, freedom and hopes to start a new life. The education system in China does not incorporate both physical activity and studying. However, some immigrants only come to Canada to leech money from the government by buying land. Statistics 72% born outside of Canada 45% born in Peoples Republic of China 30% born in Hong Kong 10% born in Taiwan 85% can either speak French or English Why did the Chinese decide to immigrate to Canada? ! The year 1858 marked the start of the Chinese immigration to Canada. None of the colonies at that time had immigration restrictions. The ? rst wave of Chinese immigrants to arrive in Canada were in? uenced by various push and pull factors. The push factors were ? oods, and wars in China which made it dif? cult for people to grow crops for food, live in safety and peace, and make a living. Pull factors for Canada were related to the slow growth of the young country. New settlements and industries often had a shortage of workers. British Columbia was very distant from Europe and eastern North America which meant that China was the largest source of low-cost labour. Other factors such as efforts of labour recruiters and in? uence of family and village networks also in? uenced the decision to migrate to Canada. ! Most Chinese immigrants in the last quarter of the 19th century came from a small area in the southern part of China. There were eight regions but only four regions had rich soil. Only ten percent of the land was usable for growing crops. All the districts were heavily populated and farmers often faced natural disasters such as ? oods and droughts. At the end of the 19th century, China was in a political disaster. Poor living conditions led to revolts and wars, including the Opium Wars against the British. Farmers were dragged into armies, crops were ruined and bandit gangs raided villages during these unstable years. The Chinese government could not maintain law and order in the region. ! Gold was discovered along the Fraser River in British Columbia during 1858. Thousands of workers, including the Chinese, who worked in the California Gold Rush, immediately came to Canada. Therefore, there was a tremendous need of workers in British Columbia to build roads, clear land and construct railways. They also worked in coal mines, ? sh canneries and on farms.

The Real California Cheese Campaign Marketing Essay

The Real California Cheese Campaign Marketing Essay The Real California Cheese Campaign is a great example of a prosperous, positive promotional campaign. This campaign originated because of a study conducted by the Stanford Research Institute to improve the waning dairy industry in California. The California Milk Advisory Board (CMAB) is a state agency responsible for promoting California dairy products (Belch 297). The CMAB took the information from the study to develop and implement a highly effective integrated marketing communications plan. In order to have a profitable advertising campaign, there must be an integrated marketing communications plan in place. Our textbook defines integrated marketing communication as, a strategic business process used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measureable, persuasive brand communications programs over time with consumers, customers, prospects, employees, associates and other targeted relevant external and internal audiences. The goal is to generate both short-term financial returns and build long-term brand and shareholder value (Belch 12). The Happy Cows campaign did this for the cheese industry in California. First, there was the planning stage when the CMAB appointed the Stanford Research Institute to conduct a survey. Then the plan was developed and the CMAB decided to put the Real California Cheese seal on all their products for brand identity (Greenwald 1). The integrated marketing communication plan was implemented in 1985. This is when they started promo ting Real California Cheese with advertising on television and the radio, in newspapers and magazines, and outdoors. In 1995, the CMAB decided to have an emotional approach to their advertising campaign. During the years 1995 to 2000, the slogan for California cheese was Its the Cheese. In the year 2000, under the direction of a new advertising agency, Deutsch LA, the slogan Great Cheese comes from Happy Cows. Happy Cows come from California was introduced (Greenwald 2). In the text video, we watched some of these commercials and they are very funny and entertaining. This campaign portrayed a positive image for California cheese that customers will remember. Our textbook mentions this concept by stating, Marketers generally try to create agreeable messages that lead to positive feelings toward the product or service. Humorous messages often put consumers in a good mood and evoke positive feelings that may become associated with the brand being advertised (Belch 178). Our textbook al so points out that, Humorous ads are often the best known and best remembered of all advertising messages (Belch 199). One of the reasons this campaign is so successful is because people of all ages can understand and receive the message they are trying to portray to the customer. Lastly, the process was evaluated to get feedback from customers. During the evaluation process, people were asked if they recognized who the advertiser was in cheese advertisements and where the cheese they buy comes from (Greenwald 16). The integrated marketing communication plan for Real California Cheese is measureable because of the results of these surveys. It is also persuasive because their profits and consumption percentages have rose significantly because of this advertising campaign (Greenwald 7). Another reason this integrated marketing communication plan succeeded so well is that they used so many customer-orientated advertising sales promotional (Belch 23) tools in stores; for example: sampli ng, demonstrations, coupons, flyers, and banners (Greenwald 4). This success has definitely generated both short-term financial returns and build long-term brand and shareholder value (Belch 12) for this company. It initially increased sales, and continues to do so, as proven by the statistics on page 7 (Greenwald). The Real California Cheese seal played an important role in the success of the entire campaign. This universal indicator shows that the milk used to make the cheese is from California cows (Greenwald 1). Our textbook states that Positioning has been defined as the art and science of fitting the product or service to one or more segments of the broad market in such a way as to set it meaningfully apart from competition (Belch 56). The Real California Cheese seal is what differentiates this cheese from other cheeses in the market and is used as the primary symbol of their company. This seal is on every package of cheese made in California, as well as on restaurant menus that use the California cheese, and coupons for California cheese. This is an integral part of their integrated marketing communication plan. The Real California Cheese seal gives it brand identity (Greenwald 1). Our textbook describes brand identity as, a combination of many factors, including the name, logo, symbols, design, packaging, and performance of a product or service as well as the image or type of associations that comes to mind when consumers think about a brand (Belch 56). It made a big difference to the program because buyers of the cheese as well as products made with California cheese are easily recognized (Greenwald 1). The advertising agency was assigned to target women ages 25 to 54. They are the main buyer of cheese, have fairly higher earnings than average, and are most likely to be married with a family. They had a yearly budget of $33 million to spend for developing the campaign (Greenwald 3). The Happy Cows personality that was created can be described as fun and entertaining. They use humor and positive imagery in their advertising campaign. Our textbook points out that, One study found that people who enjoy a commercial are twice as likely as those who are neutral toward it to be convinced that the brand is the best (Belch 167). The pros of the campaign are that they were able to reach out to so many people in different ways. They used many different advertising outlets to reach a wide audience. They use mass marketing to advertise their product on radio and national television, as well as on outside billboards, and transportation shelters. In 2004 and 2005, they used mass marketing during the Super Bowl. They marketed Real California Cheese in stores by giving out coupons and samples. This was all part of their identity-building ad campaign (Greenwald 3). They advertise in retail outlets, in the food service industry, and at various trade shows as well (Greenwald 3-5). They actively advertised their campaign, making sure it was positive, and included the Real California Cheese seal. The con of this advertising approach is that it costs a lot of money to maintain. No advertising approach can be continued indefinitely. As we saw in the text video, they have added different animals in their commercials, such as bulls and sheep, which give the commercials more variety. Since internet advertising is constantly growing, they will need to expand their advertising presence on the internet. They already have their own website, but they should expand to advertising on other websites, such as Google or Facebook, which is very popular these days. There are three main consumer promotion tools used by the CMAB, cross-promotions in-store that utilize instant redeemable coupons, in-store product sampling, and self-liquidating premium offers (Greenwald 5). These tactics allow customers to save money, not only on the cheese, but also with products that go with cheese. It allows potential customers to try before they buy the products. They can also have souvenirs of the Happy Cow campaign with merchandise bought from the website. This way is used to reinforce the advertising by keeping the merchandise fresh in the consumers mind with the primary objective of repeat customers (Greenwald 5). Public relations is used as part of the integrated marketing communications program by having articles in premium food magazines tout their many awards for their advertising as well as recipes that use Real California Cheese. Along with their advertising awards, they have won international cheese competitions that are covered by the press. Stories about how the cheese is made are also part of their public relations program. They use different types of magazines and newspapers depending on the angle of interest of the target audience. Not only magazines centered on food are used, but also travel magazines or travel sections of the newspaper are used to reach different audiences (Greenwald 6). The Real California Cheese website homepage exhibits the certification seal for Real California Cheese. This is one way that the seal reinforces the integrated marketing communications program. Other things on the website are: videos of television ads, Happy Cow merchandise and cheese for sale, coupons, maps, recipes, articles, game section for kids, professional section for chefs and restaurant operators (Greenwald 6). All of these things support the other parts of the integrated marketing communications program by putting their name and logo out there so it stays prominent in the customers mind (Greenwald 5). The CMAB used customer surveys to evaluate their IMC program (Greenwald 16). They have won many awards for their creative Happy Cows campaign, so this is another way it has been evaluated. The companys statistics give a numerical indication of the success of the campaign. The cheese production has significantly increased since the start of the campaign because of the increasing demand for Real California Cheese, even internationally (Greenwald 7). Customer satisfaction is a very big part of the success of any campaign. Therefore, they should continue with the coupons and sampling of the product and focus on that. Customer trends are ever changing and no one really knows what the next trend will be. I came up with a few ideas, and then looked at the Real California Cheese website, and most of them were already on there. The Real California Cheese website is full of useful information and different activities (www.realcaliforniacheese.com). One idea that I am pretty sure they have not done yet is having a Happy Cow jingle about Real California Cheese. The cows could hum the jingle while they are grazing contently in the pasture. Janice and Diane could sing the jingle on radio commercials. This jingle could be made into a ring-tone for cell phones. This would reinforce their message by keeping it prominent in the customers mind (Greenwald 5). Another idea I thought of is to have a Happy Cow costume that an employee could wear at events, such as trade shows. This Happy Cow character could be at a restaurant when they first introduce Real California Cheese on the menu, like a grand opening ceremon y. The Happy Cow character would definitely carry the Real California Cheese seal. The California Milk Advisory Board really got it right when they came up with this integrated marketing communications plan. They went through all the stages of a successful integrated marketing communications plan: plan, develop, execute, and evaluate (Belch 12). It has all the elements of success. It is appropriate for all ages, humorous, creative, positive, and non-offensive. The website contains a wealth of information about Real California Cheese, including recipes, coupons, sustainability, and nutritional information. There are also fun activities, videos, pictures, and contests (www.realcaliforniacheese.com).

My Growth as a Writer :: How I Have Changed As A Writer

In my past writing assignments it seemed to be that we were learning everything step by step, where as in college more is expected from me as a writer. As a high school student it was quite easy to push everything off till the last moment. Those two o'clock nights were very frequent when a six-page research paper was due the next day. As a college student the requirements are more challenging and not something that can be pushed back till the very last second. It seems strange to me that starting earlier for a college paper and working twice as hard on it, receiving a lower grade on it than I would have in high school is upsetting to think about, but is so true. When coming into the semester I was unaware of what was expected from me, but as the semester progressed I was able to get a better understanding of the course and how to look critically at myself as a writer. I know that these are qualities that I will use for many years to come. Now that I have been through a semester at the University of Dayton I feel much more confident about myself in different aspects. I feel that as a writer I am able to give good detail when I feel strongly about a point. This is good because it gives my readers a real chance to envision what I am describing. Another strong point that I feel I model is my ability to incorporate sources into my papers. Although this may be very little, I feel that it is an important quality that I have obtained. These strengths have helped me to improve papers and be the best writer I know how to be. The weakness I portray are very difficult for me to think of. I know that I have quite a few but to change them is something that I have not full conquered yet. A weakness I know I have is sentence structure. I am not very good at putting sentences together and making them strong and well developed. Another weakness that is obvious is word choice. I don't always know the exact wording to use in different parts of a paper, this makes it hard to understand sometimes not very well written.

Virgil and Petroneous

Essay 1 How much can a civilization change in under a year? The Roman Civilization changed drastically in roughly one hundred years in the way they view many aspects of their life, including the role of women and the role of the gods in their life. In Virgil’s The Aeneid, he has presented Rome as superior to Greece, being written at the time of Augustus; The Aeneid was used as propaganda for the Romans to make them feel superior after the Trojan War.Petronius wrote about Rome during the reign of Nero, in his novel, it is apparent that by the time Epicureanism had gotten to Rome, they had taken it and formed a twisted version of just how extreme they took Hedonism; as exemplified in Dinner With Trimalchio from the novel The Satyricon. The two authors Virgil and Petronius have described Roman civilization under their perspective through their novels and have not only made contrasts, but comparisons as well in commonly seen themes such as the role of the gods in their everyday li fe and the role of women. T) Although they are roughly a hundred years apart, Virgil's novel, The Aeneid, has presented a very different approach to Rome and its civilization compared to Petronius’ novel, The Satyricon. I think this civilization experienced the drastic shift that it did because of the ruler they had at the moment. The Aeneid was written under the reign of Augustus, who was interested in bettering Rome and its people as seen with his Pax Romana and the construction of roads.The people during the reign of Augustus were very rational and were not fearful of the gods but rather believed that they were in charge of their own fate, thus making them â€Å"better† than the Greeks. The Satyricon was written under the reign of Nero, who had very twisted morals due to the lack of philosophy when he was younger. Nero was very cruel and hedonistic, he did not just live for simple pleasure, he lived for extreme pleasure as seen when he literally built himself a plea sure palace while the entire city was dying of hunger and were homeless.The story Dinner With Trimalchio exemplifies how hedonism and Nero’s â€Å"morals† have affected the rich as well. In Dinner With Trimalchio, not only are they living very hedonistic, but the gods are practically nonexistent, while in the story of The Aeneid, they’re there, they’re just portrayed as cruel and not very helpful or necessary, thus leaving them to their own fate. Virgil portrayed Rome as very rational and nondependent of the gods, while Petronius portrayed Rome as hedonistic with a lack of morals and a loss of the gods.A commonly seen theme in both The Aeneid and The Satyricon is the role of the gods. In the Aeneid, as previously mentioned, the gods are perceived as cruel and violent. One instant of this can be seen in Book 2 of the Aeneid when Minerva sent serpents to kill Laoco? n because he not only disobeyed her but he also disrespected her. Minerva sent two serpents to kill him and his sons. She had the serpents kill his sons before his eyes then kill him slowly and painfully. This portrays the gods as cruel and violent.The gods are portrayed as much more violent when compared to The Iliad by Homer in book 22 when Athena is sent down to fasten things up between Achilles and Hector and talk to both of them to ultimately have Hector killed by Achilles. Virgil is making a point that the gods are cruel. Minerva made Laoco? n a cautionary tale to not mess with her or she will not only kill you, but your bloodline as well. Another instance can be seen when Hector appears to Aeneas in a dream and his body is completely disheveled and destroyed. His body is shown the way it would have been should he not have been taken care of Apollo; â€Å"†¦How he looked, how different from that Hector Who returned to Troy wearing Achilles’ armor†¦ † The Aeneid Book 2 line 325-326. This makes the Greeks look bad because not only did Apollo not keep his promise that he would watch over his body, but the Greeks do not have any battle chivalry and dragged his body from his ankles. Virgil has depicted the gods in the Aeneid as cruel and violent. The role of the gods can also be seen in Dinner With Trimalchio, however, they’re not shown as cruel, but instead they are basically nonexistent.One instance can be seen in the poem that Trimalchio recites, â€Å"Nothing but bones, that’s what we are, Death hustles us humans away, Today we’re here and tomorrow we’re not, so live and drink while you may! † page 45. This portrayed the cultural mindset of the people. They believed they were atomic and when they died, they merely fell apart and did not have an afterlife, therefor, they lived life with no regrets and lived for pleasure, the gods were nonextixtant therefore they would not get punished for whatever â€Å"sin† they committed.Another instance can be seen on page 52, â€Å"Oh no, weâ €™re big lions are home, but scared foxes in public†. This meaning that the people and the government and how corrupt it is because of their lack of the gods. If the people had gods, they would not be so corrupt and would obey them and have a better government not ruled solely by Nero, the reckless emperor. The people were still somewhat fearful of the gods and the government, but more because they knew they were lacking their fate. Another theme that is commonly seen in both The Satyricon and The Aeneid is the role of women.A specific instance of the role of women can be seen in Dinner With Trimalchio when Trimalchio, being half drunk, tells his guests that they should ask his wife, Fortunata to dance on the table for everyone to entertain them, but when he does so, she leans over to him and whispers something in his ear and he immediately shuts up, â€Å"He was just about to get up on the table when Fortunata went and whispered something in his ear, probably a warning t hat theses drunken capers were undignified.Never was a man so changeable; sometimes he would bow down to Fortunata in anything she asked at other times, as now, he went his war. † Page 59-60. This shows that Fortunata has power over Trimalchio and he will do whatever she orders him to do. Another instance can be seen when Enculpias is asking about Fortunata and someone describes her. â€Å"If she told him at noon it was night, he’d crawl into bed. † Fortunata obviously has a lot of power over Trimalchio and can convince him about anything. She has power over him, even though she is only wealthy though him, she holds power over him.The role of women can also be seen in Virgil’s The Aeneid when Aeneus tries to kill Helen because he believes that Helen was the reason why the Trojan War begun, â€Å"My soul flared with a burning desire To avenge Try and make her pay for her sins. † Line 673-674 pages 46. Although Aeneus wants to kill her, his mother, Ve nus has come down to stop him from killing her because it is not the right thing to do. She mentions his father and everything he did and told him that it is not the fault of Helen, but of the gods.This shows how much of an impact his mother can make on Aeneus because should she not have intervened he would have killed Helen. Another example of the role of women in The Aeneid can be seen in Book 2 when Minerva has Laoco? n killed because he was being disrespectful. â€Å"For if you lay violent hands Upon this offering to Minerva, Destruction will fall†¦ † lines 226-228. Minerva was a goddess to be feared of rather than only the male gods. She was obviously very powerful and very influential to the people. The women portrayed in The Aeneid and The Satyricon are both very influential and very powerful.The parallels between Contemporary American Society and Imperial Rome can be seen in the constant flux of the mindsets of the people in America. Similar to that of Rome, in a couple hundred of years, religion has changed a lot from being present, to being vaguely there. For example, Christianity was the biggest and most widespread religion 19th century while now, although it is still very widespread and very popular, there are many more religions such as Buddhism and Judaism. However, there was never a time where God was simply not there in American society such as in the time of Nero.Similar to the Romans, women have great influences and power now such as Fortunata had on Trimalchio and Minerva over not only Laoco? n, but the people of Rome as well. Women such as Michelle Obama and Hillary Clinton have grand power in American society. Michelle has help many fundraisers and is in charge of many charities and organizations and Hillary Clinton, being the Secretary of State can one day even become the first female president. This tells us that we have adopted and adapted the Roman’s views on many things that have ultimately become very influential i n our society.

Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Curb Pit Bull Attacks

Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) has been bandied about in several legislative arms of the United States government including the local and state levels for decades. In particular, pit bulls as a breed have recently come under fierce attack due to a plethora of news stories which highlight attacks on humans and the use of the breed for fighting purposes. Municipal ordinances seek to either ban ownership of specific breeds such as pit bulls, curb ownership of these animals or impose unreasonably strict responsibilities on those who choose to care for pit bulls such as keeping the animal confined and requiring hefty insurance supplements.Such legislation, unfortunately, does nothing to address the real problem which begins with the owner himself, not the dog, whose breed has been proven not to be unpredictably aggressive. Instead of laying the blame with owners who are irresponsible or those who use them for fighting, BSL legislation targets pit bulls for simply being what they are, an d the rights of citizens to own their choice of dog breed. Definition of the Pit Bull Breed and BSLThe term â€Å"pit bull† refers to â€Å"a type of short-coated large terrier, anywhere from 40-80 pounds, characterized by a wide skull, powerful jaws, and a muscular, stocky body† according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) but it is not technically a breed recognized by the American Kennel Club. For the purposes of this paper, we will use this term to denote any variety of what is commonly known as a pit bull.The pit bull was brought to the United States from England for use as an â€Å"animal baiting† dog whereby it would be trained to attack a large animal such as a bear and hang on with its teeth until the animal was brought down. When this was judged to be illegal in the 1800’s, many pit bull owners began to train the animals to fight each other instead. Thus, the fighting instinct was nurtured and eventually bre d into the dog. According to the ASPCA (aspca. org), citizens need to be aware that â€Å"even though a breed may be characterized by a certain pattern of behaviors, individuals within a breed can vary tremendously†.According to Diane Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†, 1995), BSL is defined as â€Å"ordinances [which] may regulate or prohibit certain breeds regardless of the temperament or behavior of the individual animal†. The problem with this definition is that it refers to a specific breed, which must be narrowly defined to make such an ordinance enforceable. There are many varieties of pit bull dogs available, many of whom have been mixed with other breeds. Are all pit bulls, then, at the center of this controversy or is there a particular recognized breed that legislatures are aiming to control?Such definitions must be clearly defined before enforcement becomes even remotely practical. Ineffectiveness of the Legislation BSL legislature has been proven to be ineffective and unconstitutional in municipalities where it has been enacted in the past. In the 1980’s BSL first started to appear in cities such as Hollywood, Florida, Cincinnati, Ohio and a small town in New Mexico. These were followed by legislation at the state level in Michigan, Ohio and Florida. All of these ordinances specifically targeted pit bulls as being inherently dangerous to society.What has happened in each of these communities and states is that either owners continue to keep pit bulls in their care but do so illegally or they switch to a different breed of dog and train it to be aggressive because that was the original purpose in obtaining the pit bull in the first place (Weiss, 2001). Weiss quotes Brittany Wallman of the South Florida Sun-Central as stating â€Å"Officials in Prince George, Maryland are considering a repeal of the community’s BSL, arguing that the legislation has simply encouraged owners of vicious dogs to either Ã¢â‚¬Ë œgo underground’ or ‘get fighting dogs not covered by the ban’.† Many municipalities which have imposed BSL were later declared to be unconstitutional in restricting a specific breed of pet. According to Weiss, quoting the ruling in Hearn vs. City of Overland Park: â€Å"The Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the district court's findings that (1) the ordinance was not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad; (2) the ordinance did not violate the state or federal due process rights of the plaintiffs; and (3) the ordinance did not violate the plaintiffs’ equal protection rights under the United States and Kansas Constitutions.† In Dade County, Florida, a group of dog owners protested the BSL ordinance based on grounds that it was discriminatory and did not sufficiently define the breed. The District Court found the definition of a pit bull satisfactory but did uphold that enforcement of the ordinance could be â€Å"applied in a discriminatory fashion † (Weiss, 2001), thus unfairly targeting certain pets. Currently, there are many laws on the books pertaining to pet ownership, such as leash laws, but most are rarely enforced.Imposing a law based on breed, which, as previously discussed, is certainly difficult for an enforcement officer to pinpoint, will do nothing to stop problems such as dog bites from occurring. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that an ordinance banning pit bulls â€Å"depends for enforcement on the subjective understanding of dog officers of the appearance of an ill-defined ‘breed’† (Weiss, 2001). When encountering dogs of mixed breeds, it is nearly impossible to make a solid determination; according to Blackman (â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation, 1995) â€Å"a part boxer dog can easily be mistaken for a part pit bull†.Clearly, one of the biggest problems with enforcing BSL is creating a definition of a pit bull that is easily recognizable by enforcement officers, non-discriminatory and does not unfairly target animals of mixed breeds. Creating legislature based on a dog’s breed also adds a burden to municipalities of prohibitive cost and providing extra manpower to enforce the ordinance. A ban on pit bulls in Cincinnati, Ohio was eventually overturned due to the excessive cost of enforcement.The statute had been on the books for nine years with no success until the city began to take enforcement more seriously. When Ohio Valley Dog Owners protested, the courts found that with â€Å"dozens of dogs in custody and court cases to decide† it was unreasonable and placed a great burden on enforcement agencies as well as the courts to keep BSL on the books (Weiss, 2001). Instead, the court system ordered that all pit bulls in Ohio be registered with the local police department, â€Å"marked with tattoos and microchips, photographed, confined, and insured† (Weiss, 2001). Alternative SolutionsA better way to address the problem o f aggressive dogs and their violent behavior is to target the owners, not the animals, through educational initiatives and enforcement of existing laws directly related to the owners of pets who have been proven to have dangerous tendencies. Legislature that addresses this focus is just beginning to be recognized as a viable alternative to BSL. The state of California recently proposed a bill that â€Å"gives prosecutors power to press felony charges against ‘any person owning or having custody or control’ of a dangerous dog, even if the person is not the dog’s owner† (Weiss, 2001).In Indiana, prosecutors are allowed to find owners of pets responsible if these animals exhibit violence toward any employees of local government or utility companies in the commission of their job. Owners need to be aware, through educational programs, that the training of their pet is the biggest key to affecting its behavior. Classes that promote safe handling without the use of violence can be effective and would be a natural extension of local animal control agencies and Humane Societies. Programs aimed at children and raising their levels of safety awareness are also beneficial.Laws that are already in place regarding dangerous animals and hold owners accountable their dogs’ actions regardless of breed need to be vigorously enforced. Rather than targeting a specific breed, animal enforcement agencies need to collectively focus on violent or aggressive behavior in any dog, not just pit bulls. Upholding leash laws will certainly help as keeping any animal under the owner’s control in all situations is vital in the prevention of attacks. Conclusion Pit bulls are often associated with the breed’s history as being violent and aggressive due to their training.It is not, however, advisable to relate all dogs of one breed as distinguished by these traits. According to Cox (2002), â€Å"any dog can be dangerous†. Humans are an inte gral part of the equation of pit bulls equal violence. Only when pet owners are properly educated and current laws regarding responsible ownership enforced will there be a reduction in the amount of attacks instigated by dangerous dogs, no matter their breed. Legislation at the state and city levels needs to focus on owners as the responsible parties and let go of the idea that pit bulls as a whole are a menace to society. Works CitedAmerican Society for the Prevention Cruelty to Animals. â€Å"Pit Bull Information†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the ASPCA Website: http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer? pagename=pets_pitbull. Blackman, Diane. â€Å"Practicality Of Breed Specific Legislation In Reducing Or Eliminating Dog Attacks On Humans And Dogs†. Breed Specific Legislation, 1995. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Dog-play Website: http://dogplay. com/Articles/MyArticles/pitbull. html. Cox, Rachel. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. InterNetWorkers: Apr il, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Ibiblio Website: http://lists.ibiblio. org/pipermail/internetworkers/2002-April/005220. html. New Leash on Life. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the NLOL Website: http://www. nlol. org/chicago/bsl. asp. Real Pit Bull, The. â€Å"Breed Specific Legislation†. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Real Pit Bull Website: http://www. realpitbull. com/laws. html. Weiss, Linda S. â€Å"Breed-Specific Legislation in the United States†. Animal Legal and Historical Web Center. Detroit College of Law: 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from the Animal Law Website: http://www. animallaw. info/articles/aruslweiss2001. htm.

Video Laryngoscopes For Intubations Health And Social Care Essay

Difficult and failed tracheal cannulation remains a taking cause of anaesthetic morbidity and mortality despite progresss in schemes both to predict and to pull off [ 5 ] the hard air passage. Many hard cannulations are non recognized until after initiation of anaesthesia [ 3 ] . Despite the handiness of options, the Macintosh Laryngoscope remains the most widely used. Endotracheal cannulation, considered to be the gilded criterion in procuring the air passage, is normally performed utilizing a direct Laryngoscope. In add-on to hapless light, troubles in executing conventional direct laryngoscopy normally arise from the limited position angle of about 10-15 [ 5 ] . Standard direct laryngoscopy requires alliance of the unwritten, pharyngeal, and laryngeal axes in order to see the vocal cords. In contrast, indirect Laryngoscopes merely requires alliance of the guttural and laryngeal axes, which lie along similar angles as compared with the unwritten axis [ 6 ] . Insufficient laryngoscopic position constitutes the chief ground for hard cannulations.Without equal visual image, cannulation remains insecure and associated with elevated hazard for injury [ 7 ] . Therefore, different blade designs such as the McCoy purchase blade, DoA?rges cosmopolitan blade and so on were developed to better cannulation success. [ 8,9 ] Owing to staying cannulation troubles in some patients, instruments leting indirect glottic position such as flexible and stiff fiberscope, cannulations endoscopes and optical stylets were introduced [ 10-12 ] . However, extended costs and the demand for particular preparation basically contributed to a limited spread of many of these devices [ 13 ] . Therefore, anesthesiologists are still seeking for cannulation devices uniting first-class glottic visual image with simple and efficient usage. Over the last few old ages, video-assisted endoscopic techniques have successfully been introduced into assorted surgical subjects. In contrast, anesthesiologists have been loath to take up the advantages of the picture technique for their intents. The first efforts were undertaken with jury-rigged instruments uniting Laryngoscopes and flexible fiberscopes [ 14 ] . Today, several luxuriant picture Laryng oscopes are commercially available [ 15-18 ] . Whereas some devices feature a conventional Macintosh blade signifier, others show a distinguishable blade design. A marked curvature resembling oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal anatomy enables a widened position. As a affair of fact, airway direction in injury patients has turned out to be exceptionally critical [ 19 ] . In instance of hurt and instability, motion of the cervical spinal column can do irreversible harm to the spinal cord [ 20 ] . Attachment of stiff or semi-rigid cervical neckbands are a compulsory measure in exigency medical attention but makes ETI by standard laryngoscopy much more hard or even non possible [ 21 ] . Video Laryngoscopes ( VLs ) , which allow an indirect position of the glottis, may therefore ease ETI even when the direct glottic position can non be obtained and better visibleness of the vocal cords [ 22 ] . The broad handiness of VLs poses the inquiry whether their usage can ease ETI safe and speedy even without remotion of the cervical neckband.AIM OF THE WORKTo measure the safety and utility of glidescope, Airtraq and UE video-Laryngoscope use in anesthetized patients with fake ( with an immobilized cervical spinal column ) and expected hard cannulation con ditions in comparing to the Macintosh Laryngoscope.Patients and methodsEthical blessing was obtained from the Ethical commission in HUST, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before registration in the survey. .Target population Patients which showing for elected surgery necessitating orotracheal cannulation, were recruited and indiscriminately assigned into two chief groups, each chief group include four subgroups of 20 patients. Type of the survey: Comparative, prospective, random clinical test survey An helper who was non involved in the survey obtained numbered opaque pre-sealed envelopes incorporating the randomized group allocations after each patient was enrolled into the survey. Anesthetists non involved in the aggregation or analysis of the informations performed all cannulation. GROUPE ( 1 ) : { expected hard cannulation } macintosh laryngoscope- – glidescope – Airtraq – UE video-laryngoscope GROUPE ( 2 ) : { fake hard cannulation } macintosh laryngoscope- – glidescope – Airtraq – UE video-laryngoscopeInclusion standards & A ; Exclusion standards: –GROUP ( 1 ) :Inclusion standards:Both sexi?†º Patients are ASA I or ASA IIi?†º Age 20-60 yearsi?†º Consent from patients about the nature of the survey and techniquei?†º Expected hard airway upon appraisal.Exclusion standards:Patient refused to inscribe in the research survey Ear, nose or throat surgery A demand for rapid sequence initiation or exigency surgery Any upset of the cardiovascular, pneumonic, hepatic, nephritic, or GI systems known from history or general scrutiny Patients with unstable cervical spinal column If the patient at hazard of pneumonic aspiration.GROUP ( 2 ) :Inclusion standards:Both sex Patients are ASA I or ASAIIi?†º Age 20-60 old ages. Consent from patients about the nature of the survey and technique.Exclusion standards:Patient refused to inscribe in the research survey Ear, nose or throat surgery A demand for rapid sequence initiation or exigency surgery. Any upset of the cardiovascular, pneumonic, hepatic, nephritic, or GI systems known from history or general scrutiny. Patients with unstable cervical spinal column If the patient at hazard of pneumonic aspiration. Expected hard airway upon appraisal. Morbid Obesity ( organic structure mass index & gt ; 35 ) . Study results: will be in the signifier of cannulation clip, laryngoscope clip, success rates, figure of tests, failure rate, air manner injury, hemodynamic response and glottic visual image grads with all picture assisted devices. A-Preoperative appraisalMedical history:History of chronic medical unwellness. Drug history. Anaesthetic history: including old anaesthesia, air passage troubles, and household jobs related to anaesthesias.Physical scrutiny:General scrutiny: Pulse, arterial blood force per unit area, respiratory rate and temperature. Heart, thorax and abdominal scrutiny. Local scrutiny Air manner appraisal for any troubles or any oropharyngeal hurt was noted before surgery Laboratory probes: Complete blood count. Prothrombin clip ( PT ) , INR, partial thrombokinase clip ( PTT ) , shed blooding clip. Electrocardiogram: for patients above 40years old. Anaesthetic appraisal: To except marks of hard cannulation 1 ) Airway Physical Examination ( Signs of expected hard cannulation ) A ) Interincisor distance: Less than 3 centimeter. B ) Visibility of uvula: Not seeable when lingua is protruded with patient in sitting place ( Mallampati category greater than II ) C ) Thyromental distance: Less than three ordinary fingers. D ) Length of cervix: Short. Tocopherol ) Thickness of cervix: Midst. F ) Range of gesture of caput and cervix: Patient can non touch tip of mentum to chest or can non widen cervix. [ 23 ] Demographic informations: The patient ‘s age, sex, ASA position and BMI was recordedB-Methods:Patients were prepared by fasting for at least 6 – 8 hours. Airway devices and anesthesia machine, ventilator, flowmeters and equipments checked were checked preoperatively. After canulation monitoring equipments will be attached to the patient including 5 leads ECG, non-invasive blood force per unit area, pulse oximetry and anaesthetic gas proctor.Initiation of anaesthesia & A ; cannulation:Patients were preoxygenated with 100 % Oxygen for 3 proceedingss, No sedation was given to the patients.Then all patients receivedi?s propofol 2-3 mg.kg i.v fentanyl 1.5 A µg.kg i.v cis- atracurium 0.5 mg.kg i.vDevicess:One of the helpers will help the anesthesiologist who will execute the cannulations. A Magill tracheal tubing with 7.5 millimeters internal diameter ( ID ) was used for all efforts. Lubricant was already applied to the tracheal tubing, and a 10 milliliter syringe to barricade the tubing ‘s turnup. The devices used for the survey were: ( 1 ) Standard Macintosh laryngoscope, blade 3 ( gold-standard ; HEINE Optotechnik, Munich, Germany ) . ( 2 ) Glidescope Ranger, Cobalt blade # 3 ( Verathon Inc, Bothell, WA, USA ) . ( 3 ) Airtraq, Size 3 ( Prodol, Madrid, Spain ) . ( 4 ) UE Video Laryngoscope, medium size blade ( China ) A semi-rigid stylet was inserted in the tracheal tubing when intu-bation was performed with Macintosh and UE laryngeaoscope. The GlideRite stiff stylet was used for efforts with GlideScope. As the Airtraq have integrated counsel channels for the tracheal tubing, they were non designed to be used with a stylet and were accordingly used without any extra counsel.IN Group ( 2 )The patients ‘ lungs will so manually air out for 3 min before a stiff cervical neckband will be applied maintaining the cervix in a impersonal place. This is an established technique for imitating a hard air passage. Tracheal cannulation will so execute with one of the three picture laryngoscopes or mackintoshs laryngoscope, in conformity to the randomized allocation. IN Group ( 1 ) , the same thing as group ( 2 ) without apply the stiff cervical neckband.Parameter will mensurate1-Laryngoscope clip:Timess from the first contact with the device until accomplishment of a successful position of the glottis.2-Time to intubationWill be recorded as the clip from interpolation of one of the videolaryngoscope to visual aspect of an end-tidal C dioxide hint on the capnograph.3,4-Number of tests & A ; failure rate:If cannulation is unsuccessful at the first effort, or took longer than 180 s, or if desaturation is note on the pulsation oximeter ( defined as SpO2 & lt ; 93 % ) , the cannulation effort will halt and the lungs ventilate with an oxygen-volatile anesthetic mixture for 3 min. A 2nd effort will be allowed with the randomly allocated airway device. If cannulation is unsuccessful after two efforts, the protocol allow for the cervical neckband to be take and the patient ‘s windpipe to be intubated with the anesthesiologist ‘s instrument of pick. 5-Hemodynamics response: ( bosom rate, systolic and diastolic blood force per unit areas ) Will be recorded during the cannulation procedure with readings taken pre-induction, pre-intubation and at 3 and 5 min after cannulation 6-Glottic visual image mark: ( categorization of Cormack and Lehane, as modified by Yentis and Lee ) class I – full position of the glottis ; class IIa – partial position of the glottis ; class IIb – arytaenoids or posterior part of the cords seeable ; class III -only the epiglottis seeable ; class IV – neither epiglottis nor glottis visible.7- Airway injury:A careful scrutiny of the oropharynx, will be performed after cannulation to find any lip or mucosal injury. The presence of any of the followers will taken to be grounds of mucosal hurt: blood discolorations on the tracheal tubing upon extubation ; seeable lacerations in the oropharynx ; or any hemorrhage noted on the lips or oropharyngeal mucous membrane.8-Number of optimisation manoeuvres before tracheal cannulation.Each option technique add 1 point: repositioning of the patient, alteration of stuffs ( blade, Endo-tracheal tubing, alteration in stylette form ) , need for ( raising force, laryngeal force per unit area, jaw push )Statistical AnalysisThe IBM SPSS Statistics ( version 20 ) will be used for statistical analysis. The sample size of n = 20 participants was calculated to be sufficient to observe a standardised mean difference of ( 1.4 ) in the cannulation clip with a power of 80 % and reversible sig nificance degree of 5 % . All consequences are shown as agencies A ± standard divergence ( SD ) or figure ( % ) .The normal distribution of informations will be tested utilizing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial. Student ‘s t-test will be used for statistical significance of the difference in the average cannulation and laryngeal clip between the MAC group and each of the other groups ; Mann-Whitney trial will be used for non-parametric informations. One-way ANOVA will be used for statistical significance of difference in quantitative variables ( e.g. age, BMI, laryngeal & A ; cannulation clip and hemodynamic parametric quantities ) between the 4-devices groups. Paired t-test will be used for statistical significance of the average difference in hemodynamic parametric quantities ( in each group ) at pre-induction/pre-intubation clip and each of the other clip points ( 1-min, 3-min & amp ; 5-min ) . Categorical variables will be tested for statistical significance utilizing Chi-square trial ; Fischer Ã¢â‚¬Ë œs exact trial will be used when any expected frequence is less than 1 or 20 % of expected frequences are less than or equal to 5.A

Math Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Math Literacy - Essay Example Literacy is a highly complex notion. Traditionally literacy has referred to a comprehension of language elements. Increasingly, however, literacy has come to refer to an understanding and proficiency with an endless array of subjects. For instance, today there is media literacy, mathematics literacy, and science literacy. A number of researchers and agencies have proposed spectrums of literacy. In this way the National Institute for Literacy indicates that major aspects of literacy include, â€Å"decoding/phonemic awareness and phonics, morphology, vocabulary, fluency, and text comprehension† (National Institute of Literacy 2007, p. 3). For the purpose of this research literacy is considered in terms of language fluency. There are a number of aspects of literacy that exist in my subject area of mathematics. Perhaps the most overarching consideration is the notion of content literacy. Conley refers to content literacy as students’ comprehension of specific reading and fl uency knowledge that contributes to their understanding of the specific subject (Conley 2008). As my subject is mathematics there are a variety of ways that content literacy is important. In a sense, students’ actual fluency with solving mathematic problems can be regarded as a sort of literacy. Still, specific language fluency in terms of phonemic awareness, vocabulary, and text comprehension is required in much math content. ... that, â€Å"Mathematical literacy is attained only when students can decipher the numbers, apply abstract symbols, and use words to construct mathematical meaning.† This is a more comprehensive recognition of literacy as encompassing numbers as forms of literate expression. There are a variety of ways that literacy within mathematics exists. In solving math equations one recognizes that, â€Å"Although understanding the mathematics involved†¦is certainly essential, being able to read, understand, and respond in writing to the item in specialized ways is also crucial. Content area literacy involves showing students how to adjust their reading and writing to the specific demands of different kinds of knowledge and tasks† (Conley 2008, p. 22). In this way literacy within mathematics occurs in particular situations that aid the solving of mathematics equations. For instance, mathematics often has terminology such as box plot, quartile 1 and interquartile, or minimum an d maximum. Students must recognize these concepts in order to advance to the problem-solving portion of the mathematics. One considers that in science students more thoroughly focus on words and patterns. In the language arts students must develop thorough reading comprehension skills. The notable recognition in these regards is that literacy in mathematics, as contrasted with most other subject areas, functions to aid the direct comprehension of the subject rather than being the subject itself. Other theorists have additionally considered that oftentimes literacy in mathematics, in terms of specific vocabulary, oftentimes takes on a different meaning than in outside contexts. For instance, it’s noted that the word ‘functions’ takes on a different meaning in terms of math than in other contexts (Franz

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journals - Essay Example Once arrested in 2000, his computer using rights were severely restricted and he was denied access to the Internet. Mafiaboy's motivation was nothing but entertainment for himself and a proof of his capability. The authorities later found that he didn't even have the genius skills that other hackers possess. But he was someone who wanted to prove to himself that he could pull off something major. Crime hurts society and while in some rare cases motivation for crime may find ethical justification, in most cases the societal and economic damage far outweigh any ethical justification. In this case for example the boy slowed down the website which is accessed by millions around the world every second. The website contains vital information on world affairs and by denying people a right to access the website in a timely fashion, this boy caused economic as well as societal damage with loss of time and money. It is amazing that in most computer crime cases, system managers fail to detect the crime because of their subtleness. A third-party or the offender normally reports these crimes. It is very likel y that the same thing happened with this case as well where users reported the slow respond they received when accessing the site instead of the system managers detecting it.